define isomerism
what are complex compounds
what were the two valences given by werner for coordination compounds
enlist the common shapes of werners complexes
define oxidation state of a metal distinguish between homoleptic and hetroleptic ligands
explain the bonding in coordination compounds in terms of werners postulates
what is denatured alcohol
mention two important uses of methanol
what is wood sprit why is it so called
identify allylic alcohols in the above examples
phenol has a smaller dipole moment than methanol
ethers can not be prepared by dehydration of secondary or tertiary alcohols
give one use of formalin
what is the chemical name of tollens reagent and fehlings solution
write a chemical test to distinguish between aldehyde and ketone
ethanoic acid has molar mass of 120 in vapour state
carboxylic acids do not give characteristic reactions of carboxylic acid is stronger acid than phenol
ethanol is more soluble in water than ethyl chloride
aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilic additions
carbonyl group
give one use of quaternary ammonium salts
write one use of diazonium salt
how can the reactivity of aromatic amines be controlled
give one use of tertiary amines
aromatic amines cannot be prepared by gabriel phthalimide synthesis
aniline does not undergo friedel crafts reaction
how are amino acids classified
what do you understand by secondary structure of proteins
what is denaturation of proteins explain with examples
how are enzymes named give an example
what are vitamins give two examples
glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane or benzene simple six membered ring compounds are insoluble in water explain
what is glycogen how is it different from starch
what are essential and non essential amino acids give two examples of each type
what is the effect of denaturation on the structure of proteins
why are vitamin a and vitamin c essential to us give their important sources
the two strands in dna are not identical but are complementary explain
what are the different types of rna found in the cell
when rna is hydrolysed there is no relationship among the quantities of different bases obtained what does this fact suggest about the structure of rna
what are monosaccharides
what are nucleic acids mention their two important functions
name the two types of polymeristion
name some initiators
name the two type of polyethene
write one use of each teflon and polyacrylonitrile
classify the following substances as natural semi synthetic and synthetic polymer
give two examples of each i linear polymer ii network polymer
why is condensation polymerisation also called on step growth polymerisation
write some examples of condensation polymers
how is nylon 6 6 different from nylon 6
give the formula of monomer of nylon 6
what is copolymerisation
give two examples of synthetic rubber
give one example of biodegradable polymer
classify following on homopolymer and copolymer pvc polystyrene buna s neoprene buna n teflon
classify following an addition and condensation polymer bakelite polythene nylon 6 6 polyacrylonitrile
define polymers
write various uses of polymers
on what basis are polymers classified
explain the term vulcanisation of rubber
what are polymers
what are natural and synthetic polymers give two examples of each type
how do you explain the functionality of a monomer
define the term polymerisation
in which classes the polymers are classified on the basis of molecular forces
explain the terms polymer and monomer
define thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers with two examples of each
discuss the main purpose of vulcanisation of rubber
define drugs
define chemo therapy
what are the various basis of classification of drugs
give some examples of drug targets
what are antagonists and agonists
metal hydroxides are used an antacids instead of metal hydrogen carbonates why
what are antihistamines give two examples
give two examples of barbiturates
what are analgesics
what are tranquilizers
give two examples of drugs used as antiseptics and disinfectants
give two examples of antifertility drugs
give some examples of artificial sweeteners
which artificial sweetener is preferred for diabetes and why
what are the limitations of aspartame and alitame
name two food preservatives
how are floating soaps made
why soaps do not work in hard water
how does an antidepressant work explain with example
explain the types of analgesics with example
what are antibiotics
how are antibiotics classified explain with example
what in the difference between antiseptics disinfectants
how is the problem of non biodegradable detergents solved
how do antiseptics differ from disinfectants give one example of each
why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogen carbonate or magnesium or aluminium hydroxide
i need question paper of 2020 class 8 maths half yearly army public school dhaula kuan new delhi
name the vegetative propagules in the following iagave ii bryophyllum ail india 2014 c
write the name of the organism that is referred to as terror of bengal
give one example each of a fungus which reproduces by i budding ii conidia
give one example of a plant that reproduces by i runner ii offset
name an organism where cell division in itself is a mode of reproduction
name an alga that reproduces asexually through zoospores why are these reproductive units so called
how does penicillium reproduce asexually
offsprings produced by asexual reproduction are called clones justify giving two reasons
mention a characteristic feature and a function of zoospores in some algae
banana crop is produced by farmers without sowing of seeds explain how the plant is propagated
give one example of an animal which exhibits oestrus cycle
write the two pre fertilisation events from the list given below syngamy gametogenesis embryogenesis pollination
in which two of the following organisms is the fertilisation external bony fishes ferns frogs birds
differentiate between oviparous and viviparous animals
name the phenomenon and one bird where the female gamete directly develops into a new organism
give the name of the common phenomenon with reference to reproduction in rotifershoneybees and turkeys
give the name of the common phenomenon with reference to reproduction in rotifershoneybees and turkeys 1
cucurbits and papaya plants bear staminate and pistillate flowers mention the categories they are put under separately on the basis of the type of flowers they bear
name the type of cell division that takes place in the zygote of an organism exhibiting haplontic life cycle
a moss plant produces a large number of antherozoids but relatively only a few egg cells why
why are papaya and date palm plants said to be dioecious whereas cucurbits and coconut palms monoecious inspite of all of them bearing unisexual flowers
what is the major difference you observe in the offsprings produced by asexual reproduction and in the progeny produced by sexual reproduction
coconut palm is monoeciouswhile date palm is dioecious why are they so called
name any two organisms and the phenomenon involved where the female gamete undergoes development to form new organisms without fertilisation
why do algae and fungi shift to sexual mode of reproduction just before the onset of adverse conditions
why do algae and fungi shift to sexual mode of reproduction just before the onset of adverse conditions 1
name the part of the flower which the tassels of corn cob represent
state the function of filiform apparatus found in mature embryo sac of an angiosperm
abilobed dithecous anther has 100 microspore mother cells per microsporangium how many male gametophytes this anther can produce
an anther with malfunctioning tapetum often fails to produce viable male gametophytes give one reason
name the organic materials of which exine and intine of an angiosperm pollen grains are made up of explain the role of exine
differentiate between the two cells enclosed in a mature male gametophyte of an angiosperm
how many haploid cells are present in mature female gametophyte of a flowering plant name them
where is sporopollenin present in plants state its significance with reference to its chemical nature
what is pollen pistil interaction and how is it mediated
differentiate between xenogamy and geitonogamy
how do the pollen grains of vallisneria protect themselves
why do the pollen grains of vallisneria have a mucilaginous covering
mention the pollinating agent of an inflorescence of small dull coloured flowers with well exposed stamens and large feathery stigma give any one characteristic of pollen grains produced by such flowers
name the type of flower which favours cross pollination
name the type of pollination as a result of which genetically different types of pollen grains of the same species land on the stigma
mention the reasons for difference in ploidy of zygote and primary endosperm nucleus in an angiosperm
mention the reasons for difference in ploidy of zygote and primary endosperm nucleus in an angiosperm 1
state one advantage and one disadvantage of cleistogamy
why should a bisexual flower be emasculated and bagged prior to artificial pollination
explain any two devices by which autogamy is prevented in flowering plants
what is geitonogamy give its one similarity to iautogamy ii xenogamy
make a list of any three outbreeding devices that flowering plants have developed and explain how they help to encourage cross pollination
explain the phenomenon of double fertilisation
name two end products of double fertilisation in angiosperms how are they formed write their fate during the development of seed
how do flowers reward their insect pollinator explain
enumerate any six adaptive floral characteristics of a wind pollinated plant
angiosperm flowers may be monoecious cleistogamous or show self incompatibility describe the characteristic features of each one of them and state which one of these flowers promotes inbreeding and outbreeding respectively
why is fertilisation in an angiosperm referred to as double fertilisation mention the ploidy of the cells involved
banana is a true fruit but is also a parthenocarpic fruit give reason
why is apple referred to as a false fruit
name the mechanism responsible for the formation of seed without fertilisation in angiosperms give an example of a species of flowering plants with such seed formation
name the part of flower that contributes to fruit formation in strawberry and guava respectively
list the post fertilisation events in angiosperms
some angiosperm seeds are said to be albuminous whereas few others are said to have a perisperm explain each with the help of an example
banana is a parthenocarpic fruit whereas oranges show polyembryony how are they different from each other with respect to seeds
name the cell from which the endosperm of coconut develops give the characteristic features of endosperm of coconut
describe endosperm development in angiosperm
with the help of an example of each explain the following apomixis parthenocarpypolyembryony
explain the development of the zygote into an embryo and of the primary endospermic nucleus into an endosperm in a fertilised embryo sac of a dicot plant
why are humans testes located outside the abdominal cavityname the pouch in which they are present
list the different parts of human oviduct through which the ovum travels till it meets the sperm for fertilisation
write the location and function of sertoli cells in humans
where are fimbriae present in a human female reproductive system give their function
where are leydig cells present what is their role in reproduction
name and explain the role of inner and middle walls of human uterus
when do the oogenesis and the spermatogenesis initiate in human females and males respectively
where is acrosome present in humans write its function
list the changes the primary oocyte undergoes in the tertiary follicular stage in human embryo
write the effect of high concentrations of lh on a mature graafian follicle
mention the fate of corpus luteum and its effect on the uterus in the absence of fertilisation of the ovum in human female
how and at what stage of menstrual cycle is corpus luteum formed in human females when does it regress
explain the role of sertoli cells in the development of sperms
mention the role of gonadotropins in menstrual cycle on what day of the menstrual cycle do the gonadotropins reach a peak
mention the sites of action of the hormone gnrh and fsh during spermatogenesis in human malesgive one function of each of the hormones
explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis in humans
describe how the changing levels of fsh lh and progesterone during menstrual cycle induce changes in the ovary and the uterus in human female
spermatogenesis in human males is a hormone regulated process justify
mention the target cells of luteinising hormone in human males and females explain the effect and the changes which the hormone induces in each case
explain the different stages of oogenesis in humans starting from foetal life till its completion when and where in the body is oogenesis completed
how is the entry of only one sperm ensured into an ovum during fertilisation in humans
mention the function of trophoblast in human embryo
name the embryonic stage that gets implanted in the uterine wall of a human female
what stimulates pituitary to release the hormone responsible for parturition name the hormone
how does colostrum provide initial protection against diseases to newborn infants give one reason
where does fertilisation occur in humans explain the events that occur during this process
explain the events that occur during fertilisation of an ovum in humans how is it that only one sperm enters the ovum
name the hormones produced only during pregnancy in human female mention their source organ
placenta acts as an endocrine tissue justify
what is colostrum why is it important to be given to the newborn infants
name an iud that you would recommend to promote the cervix hostility to sperms
state one reason why breast feeding the baby acts as a natural contraceptive for the mother
mention one positive and one negative application of amniocentesis
why is tubectomy considered a contraceptive method
how does cu t act as an effective contraceptive for human females
why do some women use saheli pills
mention any two events that are inhibited by the intake of oral contraceptive pills to prevent pregnancy in humans
give one reason for a statutory ban on amniocentesis
what is amniocentesis how is it misused
what do oral pills contain and how do they act as effective contraceptives
why is cu t considered a good contraceptive device to space children
name an oral pill used as a contraceptive by human females explain how does it prevent pregnancy
describe the lactational amenorrhoea method of birth control
how do copper and hormone releasing iuds act as contraceptives explain
what is amniocentesis why has the government imposed a statutory ban inspite of its importance in medical field
why is saheli a well accepted contraceptive pill
name any two copper releasing intra uterine devices iuds list two reasons that make them effective contraceptives
how do surgical procedures prevent conception in human mention the way it is achieved in human males
if implementation of better techniques and new strategies are required to provide more efficient care and assistance to people then why is there a statutory ban on amniocentesis write the use of this technique and give reason to justify the ban
name and explain the surgical method advised to human males and females as a means of birth control mention its one advantage and one disadvantage
a pregnant human female was advised to undergo mtp it was diagnosed by her doctor that the foetus she is carrying has developed from a zygote formed by an xx egg fertilised by y carrying sperm why was she advised to undergo mtp
name the stds which can be transmitted through contaminated blood
tntra cytoplasmic sperm injection and gamete intra fallopian transfer gift are two assisted reproductive technologies how is one different from the other
explain the zygote intra fallopian transfer technique zift how is intra uterine transfer technique iut different from it
a couple where both husband and wife are producing functional gametes but the wife is still unable to conceive is seeking medical aid describe any one method that you can suggest to this couple to become happy parents
explain any two methods of assisted reproductive technology art that has helped childless couples to bear children
how are assisted reproductive technologies helpful to humans how are zift and gift different from intra uterine transfers expla
what will happen if dna replication is hot followed by cell division in a eukaryotic cell
name the specific components and the linkage between them that form deoxyadenosine
which one out of rho factor and sigma factor act as an initiation factor during transcription in a prokaryote
name the enzyme involved in continuous replication of dna strand mention the polarity of the template strand
name the positively charged protein around which the negatively charged dna wrapped
why is hnrna required to undergo splicing
mention the two additional processes which hnrna needs to undergo after splicing so as to become functional
when and at what end does the tailing of hnrna takes place
at which ends do capping and tailing of hnrna occur respectively
explain the two factors responsible for conferring stability to double helix structure of dna
state the difference between the structural genes in a transcription unit of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
state the dual role of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates during dna replication
give one function each of histone protein and non histone chromosomal protein in an eukaryotic nucleus
it is established that rna is the first genetic material explain giving three reasons
list the salient features of double helix structure of dna
how is hit rna processed to form mrna
why is dna considered a better hereditary material than rna
in a series of experiments with streptococcus and mice f griffith concluded that r strain bacteria had been transformed explain
why is dna molecule more stable genetic material than rna explain
how is repetitivesatellite dna separated from bulk genomic dna for various genetic experiments
mention the role of the codons aug and uga during protein synthesis
mention the contribution of genetic maps in human genome project
how would lac operon operate in ecoli growing in a culture medium where lactose is present as source of sugar
where does peptide bond formation occur in a bacterial ribosome and how
explain aminoacylation of trna
why is charging of frna necessary during translation process
mention the role of ribosome in peptide bond formation how does atp facilitate it
explain the dual function of aug codon give the sequence of bases if is transcribed from and its anticodon
name the category of codons uga belongs to mention another codon of the same category explain their role in protein synthesis
genetic code is specific and nearly universal justify
explain the role of regulatory gene in a lac operon why is regulation of lac operon called negative regulation
describe how the lac operon operates both in the presence and the absence of an inducer in coli
explain the process of translation
describe the role of rna polymerases in transcription in bacteria and in eukaryotes
why are analogous structures a result of convergent evolution
name the type of evolution that has resulted in the development of structures like wings of butterfly and bird what are suchstructures called
state the significance of the study of fossils in evolution
state the significance of biochemical similarities among diverse organisms in evolution
name the scientist who disproved spontaneous generation theory
why are wings of butterfly and wings of bat called analogous
mention the type of evolution that has brought the similarity as seen in potato tuber and sweet potato
name any two vertebrate body parts that are homologous to human forelimbs
name the placental mammals corresponding to the australian spotted cuscus and tasmanian tiger cat which have evolved as a result of convergent evolution
what was proposed by oparin and haldane on origin of life how did sl millers experiment support their proposal
list the two main propositions of oparin and haldane
write the oparin and haldanes hypothesis about the origin of life on earth how does meteorite analysis favour this hypothesis
write about the ancestry and evolution of bat horse and human on the basis of a comparative study of their forelimbs what are these limbs categorised as
divergent evolution leads to homologous stmctures explain with the help of an example
convergent evolution leads to analogous stmctures explain with the help of an example
mention the contribution of sl millers experiments to origin of life
why are wings of butterfly and birds said to be analogous organs name the type of evolution the analogous organs are a result of
what is adaptive radiation how did darwin explained this process of evolution
convergent evolution and divergent evolution are the two concepts explaning organic evolution explain each one with the help of an example
anthropogenic action hasten evolution explain with the help of suitable example
what is saltation according to de vries
state the significance of coelacanth in evolution
name the common ancestor of the great apes and man
mention how is mutation theory of hugo de vries different from darwins theory of natural selection
when does a species become founders to cause founder effect
what causes speciation according to hugo de vries
explain how natural selection operates in nature by taking an example of white winged and dark winged moths of england
rearrange the following in increasing order of evolution gnetales ferns zosterophyllum ginkgo
how mutation explained by hugo de vries is different from the darwinian variations
how does fitness of a population help in evolution
giving three reasons write how hardy weinberg equilibrium can be affected
according the darwinian theory the rate of appearance of new forms is linked to their life cycles explain
explain the increase in the numbers of melanic dark winged moths in the urban areas of post industrialisation period in england
discovery of lobefins is considered very significant by evolutionary biologistsexplain
how did darwins theory of natural selection explain the appearance of new forms of life on earth
how does the process of natural selection affect hardy weinberg equilibrium explain list the other four factors that disturb the equilibrium
why is secondary immune response more intense than the primary immune response in humans
name any two types of cells that act as cellular barriers to provide innate immunity in humans
name the two intermediate hosts on which the human liver fluke depends to complete its life cycle so as to facilitate parasitisation of its primary host
how does haemozoin affect the human body when released in blood during malarial infection
what is an autoimmune disease give an example
when does a human body elicit an anamnestic response
state two different roles of spleen in the human body
how do interferons protect us
why do pollen grains of some flower trigger sneezing in some people
what is it that prevent a child to suffer from a disease heshe is vaccinated against give one reason
how does malaria differ from chikungunya with reference to their vectors
malaria typhoid pneumonia and amoebiasis are some of the human infectious diseases which one of these are transmitted through mechanical carriers
some allergens trigger sneezing and wheezing in human being what causes this type of response by the body
name the type of cells the aids virus enters into after getting in the human body
where are mucosal associated lymphoid tissues present in the human body and why
a boy of ten years had chickenpox he is not expected to have the same disease for the rest of life mention how it is possible
what types of virus causes aids name its genetic material
what causes swelling of lower limbs in patients suffering from filariasis
what role do macrophages play in providing immunity to humans
how do neutrophils act as a cellular barrier to pathogens in humans
name the two types of cells in which the hiv multiplies after gaining entry into the human body
in what way are monocytes a cellular barrier in immunity
give the scientific name of the pathogen causing malignant malaria in humans
how do virus infected cells provide innate immunity to healthy cells
list the symptoms of ascariasis how does a healthy person acquire this infection
name an allergen and write the response of human body when exposed to it
name the parasite that causes filariasis in humans mention its two diagnostic symptoms how is this transmitted to others
name the different types of cell providing cellular barrier responsible for innate immunity in humans
list any two emergent circumstances when a medical doctor would recommend injection of a pre formed antibody into the body of a patient and why
how is an allergic reaction caused by an allergen name the drug that can reduce the symptoms of allergy
name the two types of immunity in a human body why are cell mediated and humoral immunities so called
write the scientific names of the causal organisms of elephantiasis and ringworm in humans mention the body parts affected by them
define the term health mention any two ways of maintaining it
why does a doctor administer tetanus antitoxin and not a tetanus vaccine to a child injured in a roadside accident with a bleeding wound
why do normal cells do not show cancerous growth
how do macrophages in the human body act as hiv factory
list the specific symptoms of typhoid name its causative agent
how does spleen act as lymphoid organ explain
explain the response initiated when a dose of vaccine is introduced into the human body
how do normal cells get transformed into cancerous neoplastic cells mention the difference between viral oncogenes and cellular oncogenes
mention the name of the causal organism symptoms and the mode of transmission of the disease amoebiasis
trace the life cycle of plasmodium in humans from the stage of entry until it is picked up by the female anopheles
explain the process of replication of a retrovirus after it gains entry into the human body
mention the useful as well as the harmful drug obtained from the latex of poppy plant
how does smoking tobacco in human lead to oxygen deficiency in their body
what is withdrawal syndrome list any two symptoms it is characterised by
how are morphine and heroin related mention the effect each one of them has on the human body
write the scientific name of the source plant of the drugs marijuana and hashish and mention their effect on human body
why is tobacco smoking associated with rise in blood pressure and emphysema oxygen deficiency in the body explain
name one plant and the addictive drug extracted from its latex how does this drug affect the human body
why is using tobacco in any form injurious to the health explain
why do sportsperson often fall a victim to cocaine addiction
due to undue peer pressure a group of adolescents started using opioids intra venously what are the serious problems they might face in future
list four reasons to justify ban on intake of cannabinoids by sportsperson
do you support dope test being conducted on sports persons participating in a prestigious athletic meet give three reasons in support of your answer
write a professional approach at genetic level that can help the farmer to improve the milk yield of low milk producing cows in his farm
which one of the following is used in apiculture hilsa apis indica sonalika
mention the strategy used to increase homozygosity in cattle for desired traits
list any two economically important products for human obtained from apis indica
state the disadvantage of inbreeding among cattle how it can be overcome
explain the importance of inbreeding in cattle
how is a pureline in an animal raised explain
how does inbreeding depression set in mention the procedure you would suggest to reverse this
honey collection improves when beehives are kept in crop fields during flowering season explain
moet programme has helped in increasing the herd size of the desired variety of cattle list the steps involved in conducting the programme
list any four important components of poultry farm management
give the scientific name of mostcommon species of honeybee reared in india why is it advantageous to keep beehives in crop fields during flowering periods
why are beehives kept in a crop field during flowering period name any two crop fields where this is practised
what is inbreeding depression and how is it caused in organism write any two advantages of inbreeding
what is blue revolution name two freshwater and two marine edible fishs
explain the efforts which must be put in to improve health hygiene and milk yield of cattle in dairy farm
list any three outbreeding practices carried out to breed domestic animals explain the importance of each one listed
write an alternate source of protein for animal and human nutrition
what are true breeding lines that are used to study inheritance pattern of traits in plants
name any two diseases the himgiri variety of wheat is resistant to
write the names of the semi dwarf and high yielding rice varieties developed in india after 1966
why is the south indian sugarcane preferred by agriculturists
state the importance of biofortification
name the organism commercially used for the production of single cell protein
which of the fouowing produces single cell proteinssonalika spirulina saccharomyces
what is the economic value of spirulina
what is the economic value of saccharum officinarum
how can healthy potato plants beobtained from a desired potato variety which is viral infected explain
list two steps that are essential for carrying out artificial hybridisation in crop plants and why
how does culturing of spirulina solve the food problems of the growing population
how is it possible to recover healthy banana plants from a diseased but desirable quality banana plant explain
how are biofortified maize and wheat considered nutritionally improved
explain the advantage of cross breeding of two species of sugarcane in india
enumerate in sequential order the four steps that a plant breeder should follow to obtain a disease resistant crop
list any four objective that you would recommend for biofortification
what is biofortification write its importance mention the contribution of indian agricultural research institute towards it with the help of two examples
suggest and describe a technique through which a virus free healthy plant can be obtained from a diseased sugarcane plant
mention the property of plant cells that has helped them to grow into a new plant in in vitro explain the advantages of micropropagation
iari has released several varieties of crop plants that are biofortified list three examples of such crops and their biofortifications
define totipotency of a cell list the requirements if the objective is to produce somaclones of a tomato plant on commercial scale
give the scientific name of the source organism from which the first antibiotic was produced
write the scientific name of the microbe used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices
mention the information that the health workers derive by measuring bod of a waterbody
why is sewage water treated until the bod is reduced give a reason
milk starts to coagulate when lactic acid bacteria lab is added to warm milk as a starter mention any other two benefits lab provides
given below are a few impurities in urban wastewater select two colloidal impurities ammonia faecal matter silt bacteria calcium
name two groups of organisms which constitute floes write their influence on the level of bod during biological treatment of sewage
why is starter added to set the milk into curd explain
name the bacterium responsible for the large holes seen in swiss cheese what are these holes due to
mention the importance of lactic acid bacteria to humans other than setting milk into curd
name the source of cyclosporin a how does this bioactive molecule function in our body
why are some molecules called bioactive molecules give two examples of such molecules
during the secondary treatment of the primary effluent how does the significant decrease in bod occur
how has fungus trichoderma polysporum proved to be very essential to organ transplant patients
name the two different categories of microbes naturally occurring in sewage water explain their role in cleaning sewage water into usable water
explain the different steps involved in sewage treatment before it can be released into natural water bodies
how are floes produced in the secondary treatment plant of the sewage explain their role
explain the process of sewage water treatment before it can be discharged into natural water bodies why is this treatment essential
name the type of association that the genus glomus exhibits with higher plants
mention two advantages of adding blue green algae to paddy fields
mention the role of cyanobacteria as biofertilisers
name any one symbiont which serve as biofertiliser mention it specific role
which of the following is a free living bacteria that can fix nitrogen in the soil spirulina azospirillum and sonalika
which of the following is a cyanobacterium that can fix atmospheric nitrogen azospirillum oscillatoria and spirulina
how is the presence of cyanobacteria in the paddy fields beneficial to rice crop
name the group of organisms and the substrate that act on to produce biogas
how do mycorrhizae act as biofertilisers explain name a genus of fungi that forms a mycorrhizal association with plants
how do methanogens help in producing biogas
why is rhizobium categorised as a symbiotic bacterium how does it act as biofertilisers
how do plant benefit from having mycorrhizal symbiotic association
what are methanogens name the animals in which methanogens occur and the role they play there
how are baculoviruses and bacillus thuringiensis used as biocontrol agents why are they preferred over readily available chemical pesticides
the diagram above is that of a typical biogas plant explain the sequence of events occurring in a biogas plant identify a b and c
name the genus to which baculoviruses belong describe their role in the integrated pest management programme
an organic farmer relies on natural predation for controlling pests and diseases justify giving reasons why this is considered to be a holistic approach
explain the role of baculoviruses as biological control agents mention their importance in organic farming
why is it not possible for an alien dna to become part of a chromosome anywhere along its length and replicate normally
mention the type of host cells suitable for the gene guns to introduce an alien dna
write the two components of first artificial recombinant dna molecule constructed by cohen and boyer
name the host cells in which microinjection technique is used to introduce an alien dna
name the material used as matrix in gel electrophoresis and mention its role
write any four ways used to introduce a desired dna segment into a bacterial cell in recombinant technology experiments
state what happens when an alien gene is ligated at sal i site of pbr322 plasmid
mention the uses of cloning vector in biotechnology
biotechnologists refer to agrobacterium tumefaciens as natural genetic engineer of plants give reasons to support the statement
why is it essential to have a selectable marker in a cloning vector
why do dna fragments move towards the anode during gel electrophoresis
how is the action of exonuclease different from that of endonuclease
mention the role of molecular scissors in recombinant dna technology
name the technique used for separating dna fragments in the laboratory
what is the role of ethidium bromide during agarose gel electrophoresis of dna fragments
how does a restriction nuclease function explain
write the role of ori and restriction site in a cloning vector pbr322
explain with the help of a suitable example the naming of a restriction endonuclease
how are sticky ends formed on a dna strand why are they so called
how is insertional inactivation of an enzyme used as a selectable marker to differentiate recombinants from non recombinants
explain palindromic nucleotide sequence with the help of a suitable example
why are molecular scissors so called write their use in biotechnology
why is making cells competent essential for biotechnology experiments list any two ways by which this can be achieved
how is an exonuclease functionally different from an endonuclease give an example of any two endonucleases other than sal i
explain the work carried out by cohen and boyer that contributed immensely in biotechnology
explain giving reasons why an alien piece of dna needs to be integrated to a specific sequence of host dna for its cloning
list the key tools used in recombinant dna technology
1
explain the role of ti plasmids in biotechnology
how are recombinant vectors created why is only one type of restriction endonuclease required for creating one recombinant vector
a recombinant dna is formed when sticky ends of vector dna and foreign dna join explain how the sticky ends are formed and get joined
explain the action of the restriction endonuclease eco ri
how are the dna fragments separated by gel electrophoresis visualised and separated for use in constructing recombinant dna
name the source organism from which ti plasmid is isolated explain the use of this plasmid in biotechnology
name the natural source of agarose mention one role of agarose in biotechnology
name and describe the technique that helps in separating the dna fragments formed by the use of restriction endonuclease
sites in a cloning vector explain their role name any two such sites in pbr322
how are the dna fragments separated and isolated for dna fingerprinting explain
name and explain the techniques used in the separation and isolation of dna fragments to be used in recombinant dna technology
why are genes encoding resistance of antibiotics considered useful selectable markers for coli cloning vector explain with the help of one example
why a cell must be made competent to take up dnaexplain the steps by which a bacterial cells made competent to take up plasmidrdna
name the enzymes that are used for the isolation of dna from bacterial and fungal cells for recombinant dna technology
how can bacterial dna be released from the bacterial cell for biotechnology experiments
why is the enzyme cellulase used for isolating genetic material from plant cells but not for animal cells
what is the host called that produce a foreign gene product what is this product called
name the source of the dna polymerase used in pcr technique mention why it is used
any recombinant dna with a desired gene is required in billion copoies for commercial use how is the amplification done explain
explain the contribution of thermus aquaticus in the amplification of a gene of interest
what are recombinant proteins how do bioreactors help in their production
mention the three steps involved in each cycle of polymerase chain reaction pcr how is repeated amplification of dna made possible using pcr
i what is a bioreactor how does it work ii name two commonly used bioreactors
what is a bioreactor used for name a commonly used bioreactor and any two of its components
how is the bacterium thermus aquaticus employed in recombinant dna technology
what are bioreactors list five growth conditions that a bioreactor provides for obtaining the desired product
name the source of taq polymerase explain the advantage of its use in biotechnology
explain the basis on which the gel electrophoresis technique works write any two ways the products obtained through this technique can be utilised
what is insolation answer in 2 3 lines
state the role of c peptide in human insulin
a boy has been diagnosed with ada adenosine deaminase deficiency suggest any one possible treatment
write the possible source of rna interference rnai gene
name a molecular diagnostic technique to detect the presence of a pathogen in its early stage of infection
how does ds rna gain entry into eukaryotic cell to cause rna interference
name the source organism of the gene cry iac and its target pest
what is the host called that produces a foreign gene product what is this product called
name the cry genes that control cotton bollworm and com borer respectively
what is the significance of the process of rna interference rnai in eukaryotic organisms
state the principle on which elisa works
how does silencing of specific mrna in rna interference prevent parasitic infection
how are tobacco plants benefited when nematode specific genes are introduced into them using certain vectors name the vectors used
state how was agrobacterium tumefaciens been made as a useful cloning vector to transfer dna to plant cells
what is gene therapy name the first clinical case in which it was used
why do the toxic insecticidal proteins secreted by bacillus thuringiensis kill the insect and not the bacteria itself
explain how eli lilly an american company produced insulin by recombinant dna technology
what do cry genes in bacillus thuringiensis code for state its importance for cotton crop
human insulin when synthesised in the body needs to be processed before it can act explain giving reasons
write any two ways how genetically modified plants are found to be useful
name the disease that was first to get the gene therapy treatment write the cause of the disease and the effect it has on the patient
why is proinsulin so called how is insulin different from it
how is gene therapy being used in treating ada deficiency patients
how is recombinant dna technology help in detecting the presence of mutant gene in cancer patients
explain the process of rna interference
why is the infroduqtion of genetically engineered lymphocytes into an ada deficiency patient not a permanent cure suggest a possible permanent cure
how is bt cotton made to attain resistance against bollworm
highlight any four advantages of genetically modified organisms gmos
list the three molecular diagnostic techniques that help to detect pathogens from suspected patients mention one advantage of these techniques over conventional methods
expand elisa on what principle is elisa test based list two ways by which an infection can be detected by this test
how did the process of rna interference help to control the nematode from infecting the roots of tobacco plants
name the host plant and its part that meloidogyne incognita infects explain the role of agrobacterium in the production of dsrna in the host plant
how is the btcotton plant created as a gm plant how is it protected against bollworm infestation
name the genes responsible for making bt cotton plants resistant to bollworm attack how do such plants attain resistance against bollworm attacks explain
how does rna interference help in developing resistance in tobacco plant agamst nematode infection
name the source and the types of cry genes isolated from it for incorporation into crops by biotechnologists explain how have these genes brought beneficial changes in the genetically modified crops
what are cry proteins name an organism that produces it how has man exploited this protein to his benefit
name the process involved in the production of nematode resistant tobacco plants using genetic engineering explain the strategy adopted to develop such plants
one of the main objectives of biotechnology is to minimise the use of insecticides on cultivated crops explain with the help of a suitable example how insect resistant crops have been developed using techniques of biotechnology
expand the name of the enzyme ada why is the enzyme essential in the human body suggest a gene therapy for its deficiency
what is ada deficiency describe three methods to cure it
i what is plasmid ii what is meant by ada deficiency how is gene therapy a solution to this problem why is it not a permanent cure
name the indian variety of rice patented by an american company
what was the speciality of the milk produced by the transgenic cow rosie
a multinational company outside india tried to sell new varieties of turmeric without proper patent rights what is such an act referred to
what does the organisation geac do check with reference to genetic engineering
what is biopiracy state the initiative taken by the indian parliament against it
how is rosie considered different from a normal cow explain
biopiracy should be prevented state why and how
describe the responsibility of geac set up by the indian government
what are transgenic animals explain any four ways in which such animals can be beneficial for humans
give an example of an organism that enters diapause and why
mention how do bears escape from stressful time in winter
write the basis on which an organism occupies a space in its communitynatural surroundings
why are some organisms called as eurythermals and some other as stenohaline
why are green plants not found beyond a certain depth in the ocean
mention any two activities of animals which get cues from diurnal and seasonal variations in light intensity
how do animals like fishs and snails avoid summer related unfavourable conditions
how do prickles help cactus survive in desert give two methods
which one of the two stenothermals or eurythermals shows wide range of distribution on earth and why
when and why do some animals like snails go into aestivation
why is the polar region not a suitable habitat for tiny humming birds
when and why do some animals go into hibernation
list any two physiological responses that help you to gradually get acclimatised to high altitudes when you go from the plains
define homeostasis
when and why do some animals like frogs hibernate
between amphibians and birds which will be stable to cope with global warming give reason
how do herbs and shrubs survive under the shadow of big canopied trees in forests
why many of the freshwater animals cannot live for long in seawater or vice versa
some organisms suspend their metabolic activities to survive in unfavourable condition explain with the help of any four examples
explain the response of all communities to environment over time
how does our body adapt to low oxygen availability at high altitudes
why are small animals rarely found in the polar regions
how do seals adapt to their natural habitat explain
humming birds v live among the bushes in tropics while penguins live on icebergs they cannot survive if their habitats are reversed justify
how does human body maintain constant temperature both in summers and winters explain
how do organisms cope with stressful external environmental conditions which are localised or of short duration
how do organisms like fungi zooplanktons and bears overcome the temporary short lived climatic stressful conditions explain
list the different ways by which organisms cope or manage with abiotic stresses in nature explain any three ways
state gauses competitive exclusion principle
write what do phytophagous insects feed on
what is the interaction called between cuscuta and shoe flower bush
what is an interaction called when an orchid grows on a mango plant
mention the unique feature with respect to flowering and fruiting in bamboo species
pollinating species of wasps show mutualism with specific fig plants mention the benefits the female wasps derive from the fig trees from such an interaction
why are cattle and goats not seen browsing on calotropis growing in the fields
why do predators avoid eating monarch butterfly how does the butterfly develop this protective feature
comment on the interaction between a clown fish living among the tentacles of a sea anemone
comment on the interaction between certain species of fig trees and wasps
name the type of interaction seen between whale and barnacles growing on its back
how does camouflage help an insect
mention any two significant roles predation plays in nature
list two advantages that a mycorrhizal association provides to the plant
give one example where population estimation of an organism is done indirectly without actually counting the organism
describe the mutual relationship between fig tree and wasp and comment on the phenomenon that operates in their relationship
differentiate between commensalism arid mutualism by taking one example each from plants only
explain mutualism with the help of an example
provide two reasons that make the count of prokaryotic species difficult
how does monarch butterfly defend itself from predators explain
why do clown fish and sea anemone pair up what is this relationship called
explain brood parasitism with the help of an example
how does the floral pattern of mediterranean orchid ophrys guarantee cross pollination
how do plants benefit from having mycorrhizal symbiotic association
mention the changes the koel must have undergone in order to achieve brood parasitism during the course of evolution
explain the two defense mechanisms evolved in preys to avoid overpopulation of their predator
egrets are often seen along with grazing cattle what do you refer to this interaction give a reason for this association
certain species of wasps are seen to frequently visit flowering fig trees what type of interaction is seen between them and why
why is predation required in a community of different organisms
what is the association between the bumble bee and its favourite orchid ophrys how would extinction or change of one affect he other
mention any two reasons why the primary productivity varies in different types of ecosystems
why are green algae not likely to be found in the deepest strata of the ocean
what is secondary productivity
all the primary productivity is not available to a herbivore give one reason
what is net primary productivity of an ecosystem
how is detritus decomposed step by step by different agents and made available as nutrients to the plants explain
state what does standing crop of a trophic level represent
what is a detritus food chain made up of how do they meet their energy and nutritional requirements
mention the role of pioneer species in primary succession on rocks
list any two ways of measuring the standing crop of a trophic level
a part from being a part of food chain predators play other important roles mention any two such roles supported by examples
it is possible that a species may occupy more than one trophic level in the same ecosystem at the same time explain with the help of one example
name the pioneer species on a bare rock how do they help in establishing the next type of vegetation mention the type of climax community that will ultimately get established
explain how does a primary succession start on a bare rock and reach a climax community
explain the function of reservoir in nutrient cycle list the two types of nutrient cycles in nature
name the two types of nutrient cycles existing in nature where are their reservoirs present state the function of reservoirs
carbon cycle in nature is a biogeochemical event explain
what does the term standing state of soil signify how are the nutrients recycled in the ecosystem write a cyclic account of carbon movement imnature
write the level of biodiversity represented by a mangrove give another example falling in the same level
why is tropical environment able to support greater species diversity
eichhornia crassipes is an alien hydrophyte introduced in india mention the problem posed by this plant
the amazon rainforest is referred to as the lungs of planet mention any one human activity which causes loss of biodiversity in this region
about 200 species of cichlid fish became extinct when a particular fish was introduced in lake victoria of africa name the invasive fish
list four causes of biodiversity loss
what is meant by alien species invasion name one plant and one animal alien species that are a threat to our indian native species
justify with the help of an example where a deliberate attempt by humans has led to the extinction of a particular species
giving two reasons explain why there is more species biodiversity in tropical latitudes than in temperate ones
in the biosphere immense biological diversity exists at all levels of biological organisation explain any two levels of biodiversity
list the features that make a stable biological community
write any two hypothesis put forth by ecologists explaining the existence of greater biodiversity in tropical regions than in temperate regions
list the reasons that account for the greater biological diversity in tropics
alien species are highly invasive and are a threat to indigenous species substantiate this statement with any three examples
explain by giving example how co extinction is one of the causes of loss of biodiversity list the three causes also without description
explain rivet popper hypothesis name the ecologist who proposed it
write the importance of cryopreservation in conservation of biodiversity
mention one application of pollen bank how are pollen stored in a bank
mention one application of pollen bank how are pollen stored in a bank 1
state the uses of biodiversity in modern agriculture
biodiversity must be conserved as it plays an important role in many ecosystem services that nature provides explain any two services of the ecosystem
why certain region have been declared as biodiversity hot spots by environmentalists of the world name any two hot spot regions of india
state the cause of accelerated eutrophication
inspite of being non polluting why are there great apprehensions in using nuclear energy for generating electricity
why are owners of motor vehicles equipped with catalytic convertors advised to use unleaded petrol
why is eichhornia crassipes nick named as terror of bengal
how do algal blooms affect the life in water bodies
name the worlds most problematic aquatic weed what is the nature of the waterbody in which the weeds grow abundantly
name two metals used in a catalytic convertor how do they help in keeping the environment clean
fish mortality increases with influx of nutrients in a freshwater body write two reasons how will the influx of nutrients affect the bod level of this waterbody
explain how does the inflow of large amount of nutrients like phosphates and nitrates into the water body drastically affects the aquatic life there name the phenomenon responsible
what is polyblend why did the plastic manufactures think of producing it write its usefulness
state the function of a catalytic convertor in an automobile
how does an electrostatic precipitator work to remove particulate pollutants released from the thermal power plants
mention the major cause of air pollution in metro cities write any three ways which it can be reduced
mention how e waste is produced and disposed off write the solution for its treatment
explain accelerated eutrophication mention any two consequences of this phenomenon
a crane had ddt level as 5 ppm in its body what would happen to the population of such birds explain giving reasons
explain the cause of algal bloom in a water body how does it affect an ecosystem
how do automobiles fitted with catalytic convertors reduce air pollution suggest the best fuel for such vehicles
name any two sources of electronic wastes mention any one way each of its disposal in developing and developed countries
why should the spraying of ddt as an insecticide on vegetable crops be banned explain
by the end of 2002 the public transport of delhi switched over to a new fuel name the fuel why is this fuel considered better explain
how does on algal bloom cause eutrophication of a water body name the weed that can grow in such a eutrophic lake
how does eutrophication lake take place explain
why is there a decline in the population of the fish eating birds when the water body in amidst agricultural fields
why is gambusia introduced into drains and ponds
name the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming
state the purpose of signing the montreal protocol
where is good ozone present why is it called so
name the two gases contributing maximum to the greenhouse effect
write the unit used for measuring ozone thickness
how does jhum cultivation promotes deforestation
how is snow blindness caused in humans
name two greenhouse gases produced by anaerobic microbes
mention the causes of thinning of ozone layer
write what was the percentage of forest cover of india at the beginning and at the end of twentieth century how different is it from the one recommended by national forest policy
refrigerants are considered to be a necessity in modem living but are said to be responsible for ozone holes detected in antarctica justify
how does global warming pose a threat to the coastal areas of the earth explain
how do human activities cause desertification
explain greenhouse effect and depletion of ozone layer with reference to global warming
11th mass media important questions
i dont no how to divide 245 with 12
No comments:
Post a Comment