Few More Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ's) - Ribblu.com

why does higher indifference curve give more satisfaction

what is the impact of diminishing marginal rate of substitution on the slope of indifference curve

define monotonic preference

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define normal good

how does availability of substitute good affect the elasticity of demand

demand of good x falls due to increase in the income of the consumer what type of good x is

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a rise in price of a good results in a decrease in expenditure of it is its demand elastic or inelastic

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what cause an upward movement along a demand curve

if the number of consumers increase in which direction will the demand curve shift

a straight line demand curve is given what will be elasticity of demand on the mid point of this curve

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define price elasticity of demand

distinguish between increase in demand and increase in quantity demanded of a commodity

given price of a good how does a consumer decide as to how much of that good to buy

explain how the demand for a good is affected by the price of its related goods give examples

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define marginal utility state the law of diminishing marginal utility

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due to decrease in price of pen why does the demand of ink increase

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when is demand inelastic

give two examples of normal goods inferior goods

if a good can be used for many purposes the demand for it will be elastic why

if a product price increases a familys spending on the product has to increase defend or refute

suppose there are 30 consumers for a good having identical demand function dp10 3p for any price less than or equal to 103 and dp0 for any price greater than 103 write the market demand function

how would you comment on the elasticity of demand when 8 decrease in price of a commodity causes 2 increase in expenditure of the commodity

the elasticity of demand for x is twice the elasticity of demand for y price of x falls by 5 and price of y rises by 5 what will be the change in the quantity demanded of x and y

if prices of salt and ciggrates both rises by 10 will the qt demanded of both goods affected in an equal manner

define production function

define marginal product

what will be the behavior of total product when marginal product of variable input is falling but is positive

what is the relation between average and marginal product when average product is falling

define average production

what do you mean by fixed factors of production give example

by which behaviour of marginal product will total product be maximum

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what do you mean by cost

define explicit costs

which cost curve is parallel to ox axis why

what do you mean by implicit costs

define marginal cost

why does the difference between average total cost and average variable cost falls with increase in output

define revenue

at what rate average and marginal revenue falls with fall in per unit price of a good

what will be the behaviour of average revenue when total revenue increases at constant rate

what do you mean by marginal revenue

what will be the behaviour of total revenue when marginal revenue is zero

why does average cost curve and averages variable cost curve never intersect each other

what do you mean by producers equilibrium

state any two conditions of producers equilibrium according to marginal revenue and marginal cost approach

define supply

what do you mean by individual supply schedule

define market supply

name two determinants of supply

what is meant by change in supply

what type of change in price is the cause of upward movement along a supply curve

what effect does an increase is tax rates have on supply of a commodity

what causes a downward movement along a supply curve

what is meant by leftward shift of supply curve

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what is meant by elasticity of supply

what is the price elasticity of supply if supply curve is parallel to y axis

when does the elasticity of supply of commodity called equal to unity

when does the producer increase the supply of a good at given price give two reasons

what causes an extension in supply

what happens to tp when mp is zero

what happens to mpp when tpp increases at decreasing rate

as the variable input is increased by one unit total output falls what would you say about of marginal productivity labour

why mc curve is in short run u shaped

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when a seller sells his entire output at a fixed price what will be the shape of ar mr curves

what effect does a cost saving technical progress have on the supply curve

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what happens to tpp when marginal productivity of variable input is negative

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what effect does an increase in input price have on the supply curve

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does fixed cost affect marginal cost give the answer with reason

what would be the effect of increase in the output on the tfc

if marginal revenue falls will total revenue fall

what is the price elasticity of supply of a commodity whose straight line supply curve passes through the origin forming an angle of 75o

explain the relation between average revenue and marginal revenue when a firm can sell an additional unit or a good by lowering the price

explain how does change in price of input affect the supply of a good

explain how changes in prices of other products influence the supply of a given product

explain how technological advancement influence the supply of a given product

what do you understand by returns to factor why do diminishing returns to a factor operate

what are the factors which give rise to increasing returns to variable factors

why is ac curve in the short run u shaped

how do changes in mr affect tr

what is mr how is it related to ar

what will be the price elasticity of supply if the supply curve is a positively sloped straight line

explain how do the following determine price elasticity of supply i nature of the good ii time period

all the inputs used in production of a good are increased simultaneously and in the same proportion what are its possible effects on total product explain with the help of a numerical example

why is total variable cost curve parallel to total cost curve

why does average fixed cost fall with increase in output

why is total fixed cost curve parallel to ox axis

under which situation will mr fall when an additional quantity of a good is sold

what behaviour of per unit price will cause the equality of average and marginal revenue

give one differences between law of supply and price elasticity of supply

what is the price elasticity of supply associated when the supply curve passing through to intersect to x axis

why does a producer moves downward along a supply curve due to decrease in price of commodity

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define stock variable

define capital goods

what is nominal gross domestic product

define flow variables

define real gross domestic product

define capital formation

when is the national income less than domestic income

when is the national income larger than domestic factor income

what is the effect of an indirect tax and a subsidy on the price of the commodity

are the wages and salaries received by indians working in american embassy in india a part of domestic product of india

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when is gross domestic product of an economy equal to gross national product

is net export a part of nfia explain

explain the basis of classifying goods into intermediate and final goods give suitable examples

explain the basis of classifying goods into intermediate and final goods give suitable examples 1

why are exports included in the estimation of domestic product by the expenditure method can gross domestic product be greater than gross national product explain42

define money

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state two primary functions of money

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write two functions of central banks

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explain the medium of exchange function of money

explain the lender of last resort function of the central bank

explain the governments bank function of a central bank

what is the main function of money in an economy

name the system of note issue in india

define open market operation

name the additional facility which the businessman gets in the current deposit account of the bank

money acts as a yardstick of standard measure of value to which all other things can be compared discuss it

the central bank acts as lender of last resort how

central bank performs the function of a clearing house how

all the currency issued by the central bank is its monetary liability how

what is margin requirement of loans

give the meaning of ex ante savings

give the meaning of deflationary gap

what is ex ante aggregate demand

give the meaning of inflationary gap

what is meant by ex ante investment

define aggregate demand

what is propensity to consume

define marginal propensity to consume

what is involuntary unemployment

what is meant by excess demand in macro economics

what can be the minimum value of investment multiplier

give the meaning of aggregate supply

can the value of aps be negative

write the relationship between mps and multiplier

in an economy the mpc is 075 investment expenditure in the economy increase by rs75 crore calculate total increase in national income

an economy is in equilibrium its consumption function is c300 08y and investment is 700 find national income

explain the distinction between voluntary and involuntry employment

explain the relationship between investment multiplier and mpc

explain the role of margin requirements for correcting the deflationary gap

in an economy the equilibrium level of income is rs1200 crore mpcmps 31 di

why can the value of mpc be not greater than 1

does an excess of ad over as always imply a situation of inflationary gap

what happens if adas prior to full employment level of employment

in poor countries like india people spend a high percentage of their income so that apc and mpc are high yet value of multiplier is low why

in what respect foreign trade will be useful in removing the adverse economic effects of deficient demand

what happens in an economy when credit availability is restricted and credit is made costlier

define budget

what is meant by non tax receipts

what are revenue receipts

what are capital receipts

give two examples of non tax revenue receipts

what are the two sources of capital receipts

define revenue deficit

define fiscal deficit

why is repayment of loan a capital expenditure

why is recovery of loan treated a capital receipt

what is a balanced budget

define capital expenditure

in a govt budget primary deficit is rs 25000 cr and interest payments are rs 15000 cr how much is the fiscal deficit

define a tax

what is direct tax

define primary deficit

explain the reallocation of resources objective of a government budget

what is meant by fiscal deficit write its implications

what are budget receipts

in a govt budget revenue deficit is rs 800000 cr and borrowings are rs 50000 cr how much is the fiscal deficit

what is disinvestment

what does zero primary deficit mean

which type of revenue receipts are treated as legally compulsory payment imposed on the people by the govt give example also

when the liability to pay a tax is on one person and the burden of tax falls on some other person state the type of tax

what happens to aggregate demand when the govt budget is in deficit

classify the borrowings and recovery of loans into revenue and capital receipts of govt budget give reason also

how tax revenue is different from administrative revenue

how government reallocates the resources and redistributes the income through budget

what are the basis of classifying receipts into revenue receipts and capital receipts

why is tax treated as revenue receipt

find out the value of total receipts of govt budget if budget deficit is rs 2000 crores and the total expenditure is rs 3000 crores

what will be the value of fiscal deficit if primary deficit is 53000 crores and interest on borrowings is rs 5000 crores

state which budget expenditure does not result in creation of assets or reduction of liability give examples also

what indicates zero primary deficit

what indicates revenue deficit

define foreign exchange rate

what is foreign exchange

what is balance of payment accounts

state two sources of supply of foreign exchange

state two sources of demand of foreign exchange

what does a deficit in balance of trade indicate

what is meant by balance of trade

define balance of payment

when is there a deficit in the balance of trade

state the components of capital account of balance of payment

which transactions determine the balance of trade when is balance of trade in surplus

what are the components of current account of the bop account

explain the meaning of deficit in bop

the balance of trade shows a deficit of rs 300 crs and the value of exports is rs 500 crs what is the value of imports

list two items included in the balance of trade account

list two items of the capital accounts of balance of payment

give meaning of managed floating exchange rate

distinguish between devaluation and depreciation of domestic currency

when price of a foreign currency rises its supply also rises explain why

what is meant by invisible items

what is meant by unilateral transfer

what is meant by autonomous transactions

write the name of those economic transactions which are made by the government to make equilibrium in balance of payment

what do you mean by fixed exchange rate

define flexible exchange rate

state two merits of flexible exchange rate

state two demerits of flexible exchange rate

state two merits of fixed exchange rate

state two demerits of fixed exchange rate

what is the slope of demand curve of foreign exchange

what is the slope of supply curve of foreign exchange

what will be the effect on exports if foreign exchange rate increases

what will be the effect on imports if foreign exchange rate increases

define devaluation of domestic currency

what is meant by depreciation of domestic currency

what is meant by appreciation of domestic currency

in which circumstances the devaluation of currency will be in favour of economy

in which circumstances the appreciation of currency will be non favourable for the economy

under which circumstances the purchasing power of foreign currency increases in comparison to domestic currency

with the help of which item bop gets balanced

does bop always remain balanced

state which type of exchange rate has no official intervention in the foreign exchange market how it is determined

name the items which are not included in the current account of indias balance of payment

in which account of balance of payment tourism services to tourist are included

which transactions autonomous or accommodating bring balance in the balance of payments

why foreign currencyexchange is needed

what are the factors responsible for inflow of foreign currency

when exchange rate of foreign currency falls its supply also falls explain how

when exchange rate of foreign currency falls its demand rises explain how

what will be the value of imports if the net imports are rs 160 crores and the value of exports are rs 400 crores

if balance of payment of a country is rs 100 crores and total payment are rs 500 crores find out its total receipts

balance of payments always balances discuss it

what was the infant mortality rate of india during british rule

state the life expectancy in india during british rule

what do you mean by infant mortality rate

give the name of one economist who estimated indias per capital income during colonial period

what is meant by commercialization of agriculture

what was the motive behind the deindustrialization by the colonial govt in india

which industries were adversely affected due to partition

what does the export surplus mean

what percentage of indias working population was engaged in secondary and tertiary sector during british rule

define economy

who is the chairman of the planning commission in india

what was the idea behind abolition of intermediaries

write the classification of industries according to ipr1956

what do you mean by green revolution

what is meant by small scale industries

what is marketable surplus

who formulates five year plans in india

write the duration of current five year plan

name any two common goals of five year plan

name the type of economy adopted in india

name three general problems of an economy

what is import substitution

state the meaning of economic reforms

how does increase in fiscal deficit create the requirement of economic reforms

state the name of economic reform which makes free to economy from direct or physical controls imposed by the govt

what is meant by foreign exchange reserve

why the requirement of fiscal reforms arose under liberalization

what is meant by direct tax

define indirect tax with the help of example

what is meant by devaluation

what is meant by devaluation 1

state the meaning of privatization

what is meant by globalization

what benefit goes to domestic industries of reduction in tariff

define poverty

how does absolute poverty measured in india

what is meant by relative poverty

who are called chronic poor

who are called chronic poor 1

state the category of those people who are churning poor moving in and out of poverty

how does rise in price is responsible for poverty

define poverty line

what is food for work programme

what is meant by human capital formation

define human capital

what is investment in education

which five year plan recognized the importance of human capital

why do we need to invest in human capital

what is on the job training

what is the difference between literacy and education

what do you mean by the term sources of human capital formation

how does human capital formation improve quality of life

name the movement started by national literacy mission

what is meant by training

what is the literacy rate of india

what is the literacy rate of india 1

what is rural development

what is meant by agricultural diversification

what is tanwa

what is golden revolution

write two instruments to safeguard the interests of farmers by the government

what is cooperative marketing

what do you mean by operation flood

what do you mean by micro credit programmer

define no institutional sources of agricultural credit

what is agricultural marketing

mention two limitations of rural banking

mention two limitations of rural banking 1

name two institutional sources of agricultural credit

which state has an efficient implementation of milk cooperatives

which state has an efficient implementation of milk cooperatives 1

when was nabard established

what is sustainable development

what is the meaning of nonconventional sources of energy

what do you mean by transmission and distribution losses

what are the indicators of health status of a country

mention one advantage of infrastructure

what is global burden of disease

name the six systems of indian medicine

what is morbidity

what does plant load factor measure

why do state electricity boards suffer losses

what do you mean by intent mortality rate

what are the three basic sources of generating power

what do you mean by economic infrastructure

name the state lagging behind in health care system

why investors are reluctant to invest in tidal energy projects

what types of fuels are used by rural women in india

how much percentage of gdp does india invest on infrastructure

define environment

give two examples of biotic elements of environment

what do you mean by carrying capacity of environment

give the meaning of renewable resources

what do you mean by nonrenewable resources

what happens when the rate of resource extraction exceeds that of their regeneration

give the meaning of absorptive capacity of the environment

why have some resources become extinct

what is global warming

give two examples of overuse of resources

give two examples of overuse of resources 1

define sustainable development

give two examples of misuse of resources

state the two major environmental issues the world is facing today

mention any one measure to control air pollution

give the name of two movement which aimed at protecting forests

state two basic problems related to environment

state main function of central pollution control board

define inflation

define deflation

define stagflation

which demand factors cause inflation

which supply factors cause inflation

what is demand pull inflation

what is cost push inflation

what is inflation rate

who controls and monitor monetary policy india

what is fiscal policy

what type of economic system is followed in china

mention some examples of regional and economic groupings

when were reforms introduced in all the three economies

give the meaning of infant mortality rate

in which country the great proletarian cultural revolution was introduced

between india and china which country has higher value of human development index

mention the major reason for the low population growth in china

name the programme started in china with the aim of industrialization

which country has the highest life expectancy india china or pakistan

out of china pakistan and india which country has the largest contribution of the service sector to the gdp

out of india china and pakistan which country has the highest workforce engaged in agriculture

name any two indicators of human development

name any two indicators of comparative development

name the two areas of development where pakistan has topped india

name the two areas of development where india has an edge over pakistan

define special economic zone sez

who is worker

define gdp

what is an economic activity

define self employed workers

define participation ratio

give three sources that collect data on unemployment

define job less growth

define actualization

are the following workers a beggar a thief a smuggler a gambler why

what is informalisation of workforce

why is self employed workforce higher in rural areas

name the two kinds of urban unemployment

give the meaning of disguised unemployment

Frequently Asked Questions on Ribblu.com

define isomerism





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carbonyl group





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cucurbits and papaya plants bear staminate and pistillate flowers mention the categories they are put under separately on the basis of the type of flowers they bear





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a moss plant produces a large number of antherozoids but relatively only a few egg cells why





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what is the major difference you observe in the offsprings produced by asexual reproduction and in the progeny produced by sexual reproduction





coconut palm is monoeciouswhile date palm is dioecious why are they so called





name any two organisms and the phenomenon involved where the female gamete undergoes development to form new organisms without fertilisation





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name the organic materials of which exine and intine of an angiosperm pollen grains are made up of explain the role of exine





differentiate between the two cells enclosed in a mature male gametophyte of an angiosperm





how many haploid cells are present in mature female gametophyte of a flowering plant name them





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differentiate between xenogamy and geitonogamy





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mention the pollinating agent of an inflorescence of small dull coloured flowers with well exposed stamens and large feathery stigma give any one characteristic of pollen grains produced by such flowers





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name the type of pollination as a result of which genetically different types of pollen grains of the same species land on the stigma





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banana is a true fruit but is also a parthenocarpic fruit give reason





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name the mechanism responsible for the formation of seed without fertilisation in angiosperms give an example of a species of flowering plants with such seed formation





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some angiosperm seeds are said to be albuminous whereas few others are said to have a perisperm explain each with the help of an example





banana is a parthenocarpic fruit whereas oranges show polyembryony how are they different from each other with respect to seeds





name the cell from which the endosperm of coconut develops give the characteristic features of endosperm of coconut





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why are humans testes located outside the abdominal cavityname the pouch in which they are present





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write the location and function of sertoli cells in humans





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mention the sites of action of the hormone gnrh and fsh during spermatogenesis in human malesgive one function of each of the hormones





explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis in humans





describe how the changing levels of fsh lh and progesterone during menstrual cycle induce changes in the ovary and the uterus in human female





spermatogenesis in human males is a hormone regulated process justify





mention the target cells of luteinising hormone in human males and females explain the effect and the changes which the hormone induces in each case





explain the different stages of oogenesis in humans starting from foetal life till its completion when and where in the body is oogenesis completed





how is the entry of only one sperm ensured into an ovum during fertilisation in humans





mention the function of trophoblast in human embryo





name the embryonic stage that gets implanted in the uterine wall of a human female





what stimulates pituitary to release the hormone responsible for parturition name the hormone





how does colostrum provide initial protection against diseases to newborn infants give one reason





where does fertilisation occur in humans explain the events that occur during this process





explain the events that occur during fertilisation of an ovum in humans how is it that only one sperm enters the ovum





name the hormones produced only during pregnancy in human female mention their source organ





placenta acts as an endocrine tissue justify





what is colostrum why is it important to be given to the newborn infants





name an iud that you would recommend to promote the cervix hostility to sperms





state one reason why breast feeding the baby acts as a natural contraceptive for the mother





mention one positive and one negative application of amniocentesis





why is tubectomy considered a contraceptive method





how does cu t act as an effective contraceptive for human females





why do some women use saheli pills





mention any two events that are inhibited by the intake of oral contraceptive pills to prevent pregnancy in humans





give one reason for a statutory ban on amniocentesis





what is amniocentesis how is it misused





what do oral pills contain and how do they act as effective contraceptives





why is cu t considered a good contraceptive device to space children





name an oral pill used as a contraceptive by human females explain how does it prevent pregnancy





describe the lactational amenorrhoea method of birth control





how do copper and hormone releasing iuds act as contraceptives explain





what is amniocentesis why has the government imposed a statutory ban inspite of its importance in medical field





why is saheli a well accepted contraceptive pill





name any two copper releasing intra uterine devices iuds list two reasons that make them effective contraceptives





how do surgical procedures prevent conception in human mention the way it is achieved in human males





if implementation of better techniques and new strategies are required to provide more efficient care and assistance to people then why is there a statutory ban on amniocentesis write the use of this technique and give reason to justify the ban





name and explain the surgical method advised to human males and females as a means of birth control mention its one advantage and one disadvantage





a pregnant human female was advised to undergo mtp it was diagnosed by her doctor that the foetus she is carrying has developed from a zygote formed by an xx egg fertilised by y carrying sperm why was she advised to undergo mtp





name the stds which can be transmitted through contaminated blood





tntra cytoplasmic sperm injection and gamete intra fallopian transfer gift are two assisted reproductive technologies how is one different from the other





explain the zygote intra fallopian transfer technique zift how is intra uterine transfer technique iut different from it





a couple where both husband and wife are producing functional gametes but the wife is still unable to conceive is seeking medical aid describe any one method that you can suggest to this couple to become happy parents





explain any two methods of assisted reproductive technology art that has helped childless couples to bear children





how are assisted reproductive technologies helpful to humans how are zift and gift different from intra uterine transfers expla





what will happen if dna replication is hot followed by cell division in a eukaryotic cell





name the specific components and the linkage between them that form deoxyadenosine





which one out of rho factor and sigma factor act as an initiation factor during transcription in a prokaryote





name the enzyme involved in continuous replication of dna strand mention the polarity of the template strand





name the positively charged protein around which the negatively charged dna wrapped





why is hnrna required to undergo splicing





mention the two additional processes which hnrna needs to undergo after splicing so as to become functional





when and at what end does the tailing of hnrna takes place





at which ends do capping and tailing of hnrna occur respectively





explain the two factors responsible for conferring stability to double helix structure of dna





state the difference between the structural genes in a transcription unit of prokaryotes and eukaryotes





state the dual role of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates during dna replication





give one function each of histone protein and non histone chromosomal protein in an eukaryotic nucleus





it is established that rna is the first genetic material explain giving three reasons





list the salient features of double helix structure of dna





how is hit rna processed to form mrna





why is dna considered a better hereditary material than rna





in a series of experiments with streptococcus and mice f griffith concluded that r strain bacteria had been transformed explain





why is dna molecule more stable genetic material than rna explain





how is repetitivesatellite dna separated from bulk genomic dna for various genetic experiments





mention the role of the codons aug and uga during protein synthesis





mention the contribution of genetic maps in human genome project





how would lac operon operate in ecoli growing in a culture medium where lactose is present as source of sugar





where does peptide bond formation occur in a bacterial ribosome and how





explain aminoacylation of trna





why is charging of frna necessary during translation process





mention the role of ribosome in peptide bond formation how does atp facilitate it





explain the dual function of aug codon give the sequence of bases if is transcribed from and its anticodon





name the category of codons uga belongs to mention another codon of the same category explain their role in protein synthesis





genetic code is specific and nearly universal justify





explain the role of regulatory gene in a lac operon why is regulation of lac operon called negative regulation





describe how the lac operon operates both in the presence and the absence of an inducer in coli





explain the process of translation





describe the role of rna polymerases in transcription in bacteria and in eukaryotes





why are analogous structures a result of convergent evolution





name the type of evolution that has resulted in the development of structures like wings of butterfly and bird what are suchstructures called





state the significance of the study of fossils in evolution





state the significance of biochemical similarities among diverse organisms in evolution





name the scientist who disproved spontaneous generation theory





why are wings of butterfly and wings of bat called analogous





mention the type of evolution that has brought the similarity as seen in potato tuber and sweet potato





name any two vertebrate body parts that are homologous to human forelimbs





name the placental mammals corresponding to the australian spotted cuscus and tasmanian tiger cat which have evolved as a result of convergent evolution





what was proposed by oparin and haldane on origin of life how did sl millers experiment support their proposal





list the two main propositions of oparin and haldane





write the oparin and haldanes hypothesis about the origin of life on earth how does meteorite analysis favour this hypothesis





write about the ancestry and evolution of bat horse and human on the basis of a comparative study of their forelimbs what are these limbs categorised as





divergent evolution leads to homologous stmctures explain with the help of an example





convergent evolution leads to analogous stmctures explain with the help of an example





mention the contribution of sl millers experiments to origin of life





why are wings of butterfly and birds said to be analogous organs name the type of evolution the analogous organs are a result of





what is adaptive radiation how did darwin explained this process of evolution





convergent evolution and divergent evolution are the two concepts explaning organic evolution explain each one with the help of an example





anthropogenic action hasten evolution explain with the help of suitable example





what is saltation according to de vries





state the significance of coelacanth in evolution





name the common ancestor of the great apes and man





mention how is mutation theory of hugo de vries different from darwins theory of natural selection





when does a species become founders to cause founder effect





what causes speciation according to hugo de vries





explain how natural selection operates in nature by taking an example of white winged and dark winged moths of england





rearrange the following in increasing order of evolution gnetales ferns zosterophyllum ginkgo





how mutation explained by hugo de vries is different from the darwinian variations





how does fitness of a population help in evolution





giving three reasons write how hardy weinberg equilibrium can be affected





according the darwinian theory the rate of appearance of new forms is linked to their life cycles explain





explain the increase in the numbers of melanic dark winged moths in the urban areas of post industrialisation period in england





discovery of lobefins is considered very significant by evolutionary biologistsexplain





how did darwins theory of natural selection explain the appearance of new forms of life on earth





how does the process of natural selection affect hardy weinberg equilibrium explain list the other four factors that disturb the equilibrium





why is secondary immune response more intense than the primary immune response in humans





name any two types of cells that act as cellular barriers to provide innate immunity in humans





name the two intermediate hosts on which the human liver fluke depends to complete its life cycle so as to facilitate parasitisation of its primary host





how does haemozoin affect the human body when released in blood during malarial infection





what is an autoimmune disease give an example





when does a human body elicit an anamnestic response





state two different roles of spleen in the human body





how do interferons protect us





why do pollen grains of some flower trigger sneezing in some people





what is it that prevent a child to suffer from a disease heshe is vaccinated against give one reason





how does malaria differ from chikungunya with reference to their vectors





malaria typhoid pneumonia and amoebiasis are some of the human infectious diseases which one of these are transmitted through mechanical carriers





some allergens trigger sneezing and wheezing in human being what causes this type of response by the body





name the type of cells the aids virus enters into after getting in the human body





where are mucosal associated lymphoid tissues present in the human body and why





a boy of ten years had chickenpox he is not expected to have the same disease for the rest of life mention how it is possible





what types of virus causes aids name its genetic material





what causes swelling of lower limbs in patients suffering from filariasis





what role do macrophages play in providing immunity to humans





how do neutrophils act as a cellular barrier to pathogens in humans





name the two types of cells in which the hiv multiplies after gaining entry into the human body





in what way are monocytes a cellular barrier in immunity





give the scientific name of the pathogen causing malignant malaria in humans





how do virus infected cells provide innate immunity to healthy cells





list the symptoms of ascariasis how does a healthy person acquire this infection





name an allergen and write the response of human body when exposed to it





name the parasite that causes filariasis in humans mention its two diagnostic symptoms how is this transmitted to others





name the different types of cell providing cellular barrier responsible for innate immunity in humans





list any two emergent circumstances when a medical doctor would recommend injection of a pre formed antibody into the body of a patient and why





how is an allergic reaction caused by an allergen name the drug that can reduce the symptoms of allergy





name the two types of immunity in a human body why are cell mediated and humoral immunities so called





write the scientific names of the causal organisms of elephantiasis and ringworm in humans mention the body parts affected by them





define the term health mention any two ways of maintaining it





why does a doctor administer tetanus antitoxin and not a tetanus vaccine to a child injured in a roadside accident with a bleeding wound





why do normal cells do not show cancerous growth





how do macrophages in the human body act as hiv factory





list the specific symptoms of typhoid name its causative agent





how does spleen act as lymphoid organ explain





explain the response initiated when a dose of vaccine is introduced into the human body





how do normal cells get transformed into cancerous neoplastic cells mention the difference between viral oncogenes and cellular oncogenes





mention the name of the causal organism symptoms and the mode of transmission of the disease amoebiasis





trace the life cycle of plasmodium in humans from the stage of entry until it is picked up by the female anopheles





explain the process of replication of a retrovirus after it gains entry into the human body





mention the useful as well as the harmful drug obtained from the latex of poppy plant





how does smoking tobacco in human lead to oxygen deficiency in their body





what is withdrawal syndrome list any two symptoms it is characterised by





how are morphine and heroin related mention the effect each one of them has on the human body





write the scientific name of the source plant of the drugs marijuana and hashish and mention their effect on human body





why is tobacco smoking associated with rise in blood pressure and emphysema oxygen deficiency in the body explain





name one plant and the addictive drug extracted from its latex how does this drug affect the human body





why is using tobacco in any form injurious to the health explain





why do sportsperson often fall a victim to cocaine addiction





due to undue peer pressure a group of adolescents started using opioids intra venously what are the serious problems they might face in future





list four reasons to justify ban on intake of cannabinoids by sportsperson





do you support dope test being conducted on sports persons participating in a prestigious athletic meet give three reasons in support of your answer





write a professional approach at genetic level that can help the farmer to improve the milk yield of low milk producing cows in his farm





which one of the following is used in apiculture hilsa apis indica sonalika





mention the strategy used to increase homozygosity in cattle for desired traits





list any two economically important products for human obtained from apis indica





state the disadvantage of inbreeding among cattle how it can be overcome





explain the importance of inbreeding in cattle





how is a pureline in an animal raised explain





how does inbreeding depression set in mention the procedure you would suggest to reverse this





honey collection improves when beehives are kept in crop fields during flowering season explain





moet programme has helped in increasing the herd size of the desired variety of cattle list the steps involved in conducting the programme





list any four important components of poultry farm management





give the scientific name of mostcommon species of honeybee reared in india why is it advantageous to keep beehives in crop fields during flowering periods





why are beehives kept in a crop field during flowering period name any two crop fields where this is practised





what is inbreeding depression and how is it caused in organism write any two advantages of inbreeding





what is blue revolution name two freshwater and two marine edible fishs





explain the efforts which must be put in to improve health hygiene and milk yield of cattle in dairy farm





list any three outbreeding practices carried out to breed domestic animals explain the importance of each one listed





write an alternate source of protein for animal and human nutrition





what are true breeding lines that are used to study inheritance pattern of traits in plants





name any two diseases the himgiri variety of wheat is resistant to





write the names of the semi dwarf and high yielding rice varieties developed in india after 1966





why is the south indian sugarcane preferred by agriculturists





state the importance of biofortification





name the organism commercially used for the production of single cell protein





which of the fouowing produces single cell proteinssonalika spirulina saccharomyces





what is the economic value of spirulina





what is the economic value of saccharum officinarum





how can healthy potato plants beobtained from a desired potato variety which is viral infected explain





list two steps that are essential for carrying out artificial hybridisation in crop plants and why





how does culturing of spirulina solve the food problems of the growing population





how is it possible to recover healthy banana plants from a diseased but desirable quality banana plant explain





how are biofortified maize and wheat considered nutritionally improved





explain the advantage of cross breeding of two species of sugarcane in india





enumerate in sequential order the four steps that a plant breeder should follow to obtain a disease resistant crop





list any four objective that you would recommend for biofortification





what is biofortification write its importance mention the contribution of indian agricultural research institute towards it with the help of two examples





suggest and describe a technique through which a virus free healthy plant can be obtained from a diseased sugarcane plant





mention the property of plant cells that has helped them to grow into a new plant in in vitro explain the advantages of micropropagation





iari has released several varieties of crop plants that are biofortified list three examples of such crops and their biofortifications





define totipotency of a cell list the requirements if the objective is to produce somaclones of a tomato plant on commercial scale





give the scientific name of the source organism from which the first antibiotic was produced





write the scientific name of the microbe used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices





mention the information that the health workers derive by measuring bod of a waterbody





why is sewage water treated until the bod is reduced give a reason





milk starts to coagulate when lactic acid bacteria lab is added to warm milk as a starter mention any other two benefits lab provides





given below are a few impurities in urban wastewater select two colloidal impurities ammonia faecal matter silt bacteria calcium





name two groups of organisms which constitute floes write their influence on the level of bod during biological treatment of sewage





why is starter added to set the milk into curd explain





name the bacterium responsible for the large holes seen in swiss cheese what are these holes due to





mention the importance of lactic acid bacteria to humans other than setting milk into curd





name the source of cyclosporin a how does this bioactive molecule function in our body





why are some molecules called bioactive molecules give two examples of such molecules





during the secondary treatment of the primary effluent how does the significant decrease in bod occur





how has fungus trichoderma polysporum proved to be very essential to organ transplant patients





name the two different categories of microbes naturally occurring in sewage water explain their role in cleaning sewage water into usable water





explain the different steps involved in sewage treatment before it can be released into natural water bodies





how are floes produced in the secondary treatment plant of the sewage explain their role





explain the process of sewage water treatment before it can be discharged into natural water bodies why is this treatment essential





name the type of association that the genus glomus exhibits with higher plants





mention two advantages of adding blue green algae to paddy fields





mention the role of cyanobacteria as biofertilisers





name any one symbiont which serve as biofertiliser mention it specific role





which of the following is a free living bacteria that can fix nitrogen in the soil spirulina azospirillum and sonalika





which of the following is a cyanobacterium that can fix atmospheric nitrogen azospirillum oscillatoria and spirulina





how is the presence of cyanobacteria in the paddy fields beneficial to rice crop





name the group of organisms and the substrate that act on to produce biogas





how do mycorrhizae act as biofertilisers explain name a genus of fungi that forms a mycorrhizal association with plants





how do methanogens help in producing biogas





why is rhizobium categorised as a symbiotic bacterium how does it act as biofertilisers





how do plant benefit from having mycorrhizal symbiotic association





what are methanogens name the animals in which methanogens occur and the role they play there





how are baculoviruses and bacillus thuringiensis used as biocontrol agents why are they preferred over readily available chemical pesticides





the diagram above is that of a typical biogas plant explain the sequence of events occurring in a biogas plant identify a b and c





name the genus to which baculoviruses belong describe their role in the integrated pest management programme





an organic farmer relies on natural predation for controlling pests and diseases justify giving reasons why this is considered to be a holistic approach





explain the role of baculoviruses as biological control agents mention their importance in organic farming





why is it not possible for an alien dna to become part of a chromosome anywhere along its length and replicate normally





mention the type of host cells suitable for the gene guns to introduce an alien dna





write the two components of first artificial recombinant dna molecule constructed by cohen and boyer





name the host cells in which microinjection technique is used to introduce an alien dna





name the material used as matrix in gel electrophoresis and mention its role





write any four ways used to introduce a desired dna segment into a bacterial cell in recombinant technology experiments





state what happens when an alien gene is ligated at sal i site of pbr322 plasmid





mention the uses of cloning vector in biotechnology





biotechnologists refer to agrobacterium tumefaciens as natural genetic engineer of plants give reasons to support the statement





why is it essential to have a selectable marker in a cloning vector





why do dna fragments move towards the anode during gel electrophoresis





how is the action of exonuclease different from that of endonuclease





mention the role of molecular scissors in recombinant dna technology





name the technique used for separating dna fragments in the laboratory





what is the role of ethidium bromide during agarose gel electrophoresis of dna fragments





how does a restriction nuclease function explain





write the role of ori and restriction site in a cloning vector pbr322





explain with the help of a suitable example the naming of a restriction endonuclease





how are sticky ends formed on a dna strand why are they so called





how is insertional inactivation of an enzyme used as a selectable marker to differentiate recombinants from non recombinants





explain palindromic nucleotide sequence with the help of a suitable example





why are molecular scissors so called write their use in biotechnology





why is making cells competent essential for biotechnology experiments list any two ways by which this can be achieved





how is an exonuclease functionally different from an endonuclease give an example of any two endonucleases other than sal i





explain the work carried out by cohen and boyer that contributed immensely in biotechnology





explain giving reasons why an alien piece of dna needs to be integrated to a specific sequence of host dna for its cloning





list the key tools used in recombinant dna technology

1



explain the role of ti plasmids in biotechnology





how are recombinant vectors created why is only one type of restriction endonuclease required for creating one recombinant vector





a recombinant dna is formed when sticky ends of vector dna and foreign dna join explain how the sticky ends are formed and get joined





explain the action of the restriction endonuclease eco ri





how are the dna fragments separated by gel electrophoresis visualised and separated for use in constructing recombinant dna





name the source organism from which ti plasmid is isolated explain the use of this plasmid in biotechnology





name the natural source of agarose mention one role of agarose in biotechnology





name and describe the technique that helps in separating the dna fragments formed by the use of restriction endonuclease





sites in a cloning vector explain their role name any two such sites in pbr322





how are the dna fragments separated and isolated for dna fingerprinting explain





name and explain the techniques used in the separation and isolation of dna fragments to be used in recombinant dna technology





why are genes encoding resistance of antibiotics considered useful selectable markers for coli cloning vector explain with the help of one example





why a cell must be made competent to take up dnaexplain the steps by which a bacterial cells made competent to take up plasmidrdna





name the enzymes that are used for the isolation of dna from bacterial and fungal cells for recombinant dna technology





how can bacterial dna be released from the bacterial cell for biotechnology experiments





why is the enzyme cellulase used for isolating genetic material from plant cells but not for animal cells





what is the host called that produce a foreign gene product what is this product called





name the source of the dna polymerase used in pcr technique mention why it is used





any recombinant dna with a desired gene is required in billion copoies for commercial use how is the amplification done explain





explain the contribution of thermus aquaticus in the amplification of a gene of interest





what are recombinant proteins how do bioreactors help in their production





mention the three steps involved in each cycle of polymerase chain reaction pcr how is repeated amplification of dna made possible using pcr





i what is a bioreactor how does it work ii name two commonly used bioreactors





what is a bioreactor used for name a commonly used bioreactor and any two of its components





how is the bacterium thermus aquaticus employed in recombinant dna technology





what are bioreactors list five growth conditions that a bioreactor provides for obtaining the desired product





name the source of taq polymerase explain the advantage of its use in biotechnology





explain the basis on which the gel electrophoresis technique works write any two ways the products obtained through this technique can be utilised





what is insolation answer in 2 3 lines





state the role of c peptide in human insulin





a boy has been diagnosed with ada adenosine deaminase deficiency suggest any one possible treatment





write the possible source of rna interference rnai gene





name a molecular diagnostic technique to detect the presence of a pathogen in its early stage of infection





how does ds rna gain entry into eukaryotic cell to cause rna interference





name the source organism of the gene cry iac and its target pest





what is the host called that produces a foreign gene product what is this product called





name the cry genes that control cotton bollworm and com borer respectively





what is the significance of the process of rna interference rnai in eukaryotic organisms





state the principle on which elisa works





how does silencing of specific mrna in rna interference prevent parasitic infection





how are tobacco plants benefited when nematode specific genes are introduced into them using certain vectors name the vectors used





state how was agrobacterium tumefaciens been made as a useful cloning vector to transfer dna to plant cells





what is gene therapy name the first clinical case in which it was used





why do the toxic insecticidal proteins secreted by bacillus thuringiensis kill the insect and not the bacteria itself





explain how eli lilly an american company produced insulin by recombinant dna technology





what do cry genes in bacillus thuringiensis code for state its importance for cotton crop





human insulin when synthesised in the body needs to be processed before it can act explain giving reasons





write any two ways how genetically modified plants are found to be useful





name the disease that was first to get the gene therapy treatment write the cause of the disease and the effect it has on the patient





why is proinsulin so called how is insulin different from it





how is gene therapy being used in treating ada deficiency patients





how is recombinant dna technology help in detecting the presence of mutant gene in cancer patients





explain the process of rna interference





why is the infroduqtion of genetically engineered lymphocytes into an ada deficiency patient not a permanent cure suggest a possible permanent cure





how is bt cotton made to attain resistance against bollworm





highlight any four advantages of genetically modified organisms gmos





list the three molecular diagnostic techniques that help to detect pathogens from suspected patients mention one advantage of these techniques over conventional methods





expand elisa on what principle is elisa test based list two ways by which an infection can be detected by this test





how did the process of rna interference help to control the nematode from infecting the roots of tobacco plants





name the host plant and its part that meloidogyne incognita infects explain the role of agrobacterium in the production of dsrna in the host plant





how is the btcotton plant created as a gm plant how is it protected against bollworm infestation





name the genes responsible for making bt cotton plants resistant to bollworm attack how do such plants attain resistance against bollworm attacks explain





how does rna interference help in developing resistance in tobacco plant agamst nematode infection





name the source and the types of cry genes isolated from it for incorporation into crops by biotechnologists explain how have these genes brought beneficial changes in the genetically modified crops





what are cry proteins name an organism that produces it how has man exploited this protein to his benefit





name the process involved in the production of nematode resistant tobacco plants using genetic engineering explain the strategy adopted to develop such plants





one of the main objectives of biotechnology is to minimise the use of insecticides on cultivated crops explain with the help of a suitable example how insect resistant crops have been developed using techniques of biotechnology





expand the name of the enzyme ada why is the enzyme essential in the human body suggest a gene therapy for its deficiency





what is ada deficiency describe three methods to cure it





i what is plasmid ii what is meant by ada deficiency how is gene therapy a solution to this problem why is it not a permanent cure





name the indian variety of rice patented by an american company





what was the speciality of the milk produced by the transgenic cow rosie





a multinational company outside india tried to sell new varieties of turmeric without proper patent rights what is such an act referred to





what does the organisation geac do check with reference to genetic engineering





what is biopiracy state the initiative taken by the indian parliament against it





how is rosie considered different from a normal cow explain





biopiracy should be prevented state why and how





describe the responsibility of geac set up by the indian government





what are transgenic animals explain any four ways in which such animals can be beneficial for humans





give an example of an organism that enters diapause and why





mention how do bears escape from stressful time in winter





write the basis on which an organism occupies a space in its communitynatural surroundings





why are some organisms called as eurythermals and some other as stenohaline





why are green plants not found beyond a certain depth in the ocean





mention any two activities of animals which get cues from diurnal and seasonal variations in light intensity





how do animals like fishs and snails avoid summer related unfavourable conditions





how do prickles help cactus survive in desert give two methods





which one of the two stenothermals or eurythermals shows wide range of distribution on earth and why





when and why do some animals like snails go into aestivation





why is the polar region not a suitable habitat for tiny humming birds





when and why do some animals go into hibernation





list any two physiological responses that help you to gradually get acclimatised to high altitudes when you go from the plains





define homeostasis





when and why do some animals like frogs hibernate





between amphibians and birds which will be stable to cope with global warming give reason





how do herbs and shrubs survive under the shadow of big canopied trees in forests





why many of the freshwater animals cannot live for long in seawater or vice versa





some organisms suspend their metabolic activities to survive in unfavourable condition explain with the help of any four examples





explain the response of all communities to environment over time





how does our body adapt to low oxygen availability at high altitudes





why are small animals rarely found in the polar regions





how do seals adapt to their natural habitat explain





humming birds v live among the bushes in tropics while penguins live on icebergs they cannot survive if their habitats are reversed justify





how does human body maintain constant temperature both in summers and winters explain





how do organisms cope with stressful external environmental conditions which are localised or of short duration





how do organisms like fungi zooplanktons and bears overcome the temporary short lived climatic stressful conditions explain





list the different ways by which organisms cope or manage with abiotic stresses in nature explain any three ways





state gauses competitive exclusion principle





write what do phytophagous insects feed on





what is the interaction called between cuscuta and shoe flower bush





what is an interaction called when an orchid grows on a mango plant





mention the unique feature with respect to flowering and fruiting in bamboo species





pollinating species of wasps show mutualism with specific fig plants mention the benefits the female wasps derive from the fig trees from such an interaction





why are cattle and goats not seen browsing on calotropis growing in the fields





why do predators avoid eating monarch butterfly how does the butterfly develop this protective feature





comment on the interaction between a clown fish living among the tentacles of a sea anemone





comment on the interaction between certain species of fig trees and wasps





name the type of interaction seen between whale and barnacles growing on its back





how does camouflage help an insect





mention any two significant roles predation plays in nature





list two advantages that a mycorrhizal association provides to the plant





give one example where population estimation of an organism is done indirectly without actually counting the organism





describe the mutual relationship between fig tree and wasp and comment on the phenomenon that operates in their relationship





differentiate between commensalism arid mutualism by taking one example each from plants only





explain mutualism with the help of an example





provide two reasons that make the count of prokaryotic species difficult





how does monarch butterfly defend itself from predators explain





why do clown fish and sea anemone pair up what is this relationship called





explain brood parasitism with the help of an example





how does the floral pattern of mediterranean orchid ophrys guarantee cross pollination





how do plants benefit from having mycorrhizal symbiotic association





mention the changes the koel must have undergone in order to achieve brood parasitism during the course of evolution





explain the two defense mechanisms evolved in preys to avoid overpopulation of their predator





egrets are often seen along with grazing cattle what do you refer to this interaction give a reason for this association





certain species of wasps are seen to frequently visit flowering fig trees what type of interaction is seen between them and why





why is predation required in a community of different organisms





what is the association between the bumble bee and its favourite orchid ophrys how would extinction or change of one affect he other





mention any two reasons why the primary productivity varies in different types of ecosystems





why are green algae not likely to be found in the deepest strata of the ocean





what is secondary productivity





all the primary productivity is not available to a herbivore give one reason





what is net primary productivity of an ecosystem





how is detritus decomposed step by step by different agents and made available as nutrients to the plants explain





state what does standing crop of a trophic level represent





what is a detritus food chain made up of how do they meet their energy and nutritional requirements





mention the role of pioneer species in primary succession on rocks





list any two ways of measuring the standing crop of a trophic level





a part from being a part of food chain predators play other important roles mention any two such roles supported by examples





it is possible that a species may occupy more than one trophic level in the same ecosystem at the same time explain with the help of one example





name the pioneer species on a bare rock how do they help in establishing the next type of vegetation mention the type of climax community that will ultimately get established





explain how does a primary succession start on a bare rock and reach a climax community





explain the function of reservoir in nutrient cycle list the two types of nutrient cycles in nature





name the two types of nutrient cycles existing in nature where are their reservoirs present state the function of reservoirs





carbon cycle in nature is a biogeochemical event explain





what does the term standing state of soil signify how are the nutrients recycled in the ecosystem write a cyclic account of carbon movement imnature





write the level of biodiversity represented by a mangrove give another example falling in the same level





why is tropical environment able to support greater species diversity





eichhornia crassipes is an alien hydrophyte introduced in india mention the problem posed by this plant





the amazon rainforest is referred to as the lungs of planet mention any one human activity which causes loss of biodiversity in this region





about 200 species of cichlid fish became extinct when a particular fish was introduced in lake victoria of africa name the invasive fish





list four causes of biodiversity loss





what is meant by alien species invasion name one plant and one animal alien species that are a threat to our indian native species





justify with the help of an example where a deliberate attempt by humans has led to the extinction of a particular species





giving two reasons explain why there is more species biodiversity in tropical latitudes than in temperate ones





in the biosphere immense biological diversity exists at all levels of biological organisation explain any two levels of biodiversity





list the features that make a stable biological community





write any two hypothesis put forth by ecologists explaining the existence of greater biodiversity in tropical regions than in temperate regions





list the reasons that account for the greater biological diversity in tropics





alien species are highly invasive and are a threat to indigenous species substantiate this statement with any three examples





explain by giving example how co extinction is one of the causes of loss of biodiversity list the three causes also without description





explain rivet popper hypothesis name the ecologist who proposed it





write the importance of cryopreservation in conservation of biodiversity





mention one application of pollen bank how are pollen stored in a bank





mention one application of pollen bank how are pollen stored in a bank 1





state the uses of biodiversity in modern agriculture





biodiversity must be conserved as it plays an important role in many ecosystem services that nature provides explain any two services of the ecosystem





why certain region have been declared as biodiversity hot spots by environmentalists of the world name any two hot spot regions of india





state the cause of accelerated eutrophication





inspite of being non polluting why are there great apprehensions in using nuclear energy for generating electricity





why are owners of motor vehicles equipped with catalytic convertors advised to use unleaded petrol





why is eichhornia crassipes nick named as terror of bengal





how do algal blooms affect the life in water bodies





name the worlds most problematic aquatic weed what is the nature of the waterbody in which the weeds grow abundantly





name two metals used in a catalytic convertor how do they help in keeping the environment clean





fish mortality increases with influx of nutrients in a freshwater body write two reasons how will the influx of nutrients affect the bod level of this waterbody





explain how does the inflow of large amount of nutrients like phosphates and nitrates into the water body drastically affects the aquatic life there name the phenomenon responsible





what is polyblend why did the plastic manufactures think of producing it write its usefulness





state the function of a catalytic convertor in an automobile





how does an electrostatic precipitator work to remove particulate pollutants released from the thermal power plants





mention the major cause of air pollution in metro cities write any three ways which it can be reduced





mention how e waste is produced and disposed off write the solution for its treatment





explain accelerated eutrophication mention any two consequences of this phenomenon





a crane had ddt level as 5 ppm in its body what would happen to the population of such birds explain giving reasons





explain the cause of algal bloom in a water body how does it affect an ecosystem





how do automobiles fitted with catalytic convertors reduce air pollution suggest the best fuel for such vehicles





name any two sources of electronic wastes mention any one way each of its disposal in developing and developed countries





why should the spraying of ddt as an insecticide on vegetable crops be banned explain

by the end of 2002 the public transport of delhi switched over to a new fuel name the fuel why is this fuel considered better explain

how does on algal bloom cause eutrophication of a water body name the weed that can grow in such a eutrophic lake

how does eutrophication lake take place explain

why is there a decline in the population of the fish eating birds when the water body in amidst agricultural fields

why is gambusia introduced into drains and ponds





name the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming





state the purpose of signing the montreal protocol





where is good ozone present why is it called so

name the two gases contributing maximum to the greenhouse effect

write the unit used for measuring ozone thickness

how does jhum cultivation promotes deforestation

how is snow blindness caused in humans

name two greenhouse gases produced by anaerobic microbes

mention the causes of thinning of ozone layer

write what was the percentage of forest cover of india at the beginning and at the end of twentieth century how different is it from the one recommended by national forest policy

refrigerants are considered to be a necessity in modem living but are said to be responsible for ozone holes detected in antarctica justify

how does global warming pose a threat to the coastal areas of the earth explain

how do human activities cause desertification

explain greenhouse effect and depletion of ozone layer with reference to global warming

11th mass media important questions

i dont no how to divide 245 with 12