Term-wise Syllabus Session-2022-23
Class-IX Subject: Science (086)
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EVALUATION SCHEME |
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Theory |
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Units |
Term- I |
Marks |
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I |
Matter-Its Nature and Behaviour: Chapter - 2 |
09 |
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II |
Organisation in the Living World: Chapter - 5 and 6 |
18 |
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III |
Motion, Force and Work: Chapter - 8 and 9 |
13 |
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Units |
Term-II |
Marks |
|
I |
Matter-Its Nature and Behaviour: Chapter 3 and 4 |
18 |
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II |
Organisation in the Living World: Chapter -13 |
08 |
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III |
Motion, Force and Work: 10 and 11 |
14 |
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Total Theory (Term I+II) |
80 |
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Internal Assessment: Term I |
10 |
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Internal Assessment: Term II |
10 |
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Grand Total |
100 |
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TERM-1 |
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Content |
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THEME -MATERIALS Unit-I Matter-Its Nature and Behaviour CHAPTER-2: IS MATTER AROUND US PURE: Elements, Compound and mixtures. Heterogeneous and homogenous mixtures, colloids and suspension. SUGGESTIVE PRACTICAL: Preparation of SUGGESTIVE PRACTICAL: Preparation of a) Mixture b) A Compound, using Iron filing and
Sulphur powder and distinction between these on the basis of – iii) behaviour towards Carbon disulphide as a solvent MCQ Question Answers Class 9 Chapter 13 Why do we Fall Ill MCQ Question Answers Class 9 Chapter 11 Work and Energy MCQ Questions with Answers Class 9 Chapter 10 Gravitation MCQ Question Answers Class 9 Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom MCQ Question Answers Class 9 Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules MCQ Question Answers Class 9 Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion MCQ Questions with Answers Class 9 Chapter 8 Motion MCQ Questions with Answers Class 9 Chapter 6 Tissues MCQ Question Answers Class 9 Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life MCQ Question Answers Class 9 Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure CBSE Class 9 Science Unit Test Paper (2022) - Shiv Nadar School CBSE Class 9 Science Question Paper - 2022 Why Do we Fall Ill Class 9 Science Extra Questions & Answers Class 9 Science Question Paper SA-1 CBSE Class 9 Science Model Question Paper (Hindi Medium ) मॉडल प्रश्न पत्र - 2021
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CHAPTER – 1
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
All matters in the universe exist in three states. There are two ways of classification of matter.
1. According to physical state as solid, liquid or gas.
2. According to its composition as element, compound or mixture.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER
PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM- when we make tea, coffee or lemonade (nimbu paani ), particles of one type of matter get into the spaces between particles of the other. This shows that there is enough space between particles of matter. Similarly particles of sugar, salt, Dettol, or potassium permanganate get evenly distributed in water.
PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE CONTINUOUSLY MOVING- Particles of matter are continuously moving, that is, they possess what we call the kinetic energy. As the temperature rises, particles move faster. So, we can say that with increase in temperature the kinetic energy of the particles also increases.
PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER- Particles of matter have force acting between them. This force keeps the particles together. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.
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STATES OF MATTER
1. THE SOLID STATE- all solids have a definite shape, distinct boundaries and fixed
volumes, that is, have negligible compressibility. Solids have a tendency to maintain their
shape when subjected to outside force. Solids may break under force but it is
difficult to change their shape, so they are rigid.
2. THE LIQUID STATE- Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume. They take up the shape of the container in which they are kept. Liquids flow and change shape, so they are not rigid but can be called fluid. The rate of diffusion of liquids is higher than that of solids. This is due to the fact that in the liquid state, particles move freely and have greater space between each other as compared to particles in the solid state.
3. THE GASEOUS STATE- Gases are highly compressible as compared to solids and liquids. The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinder that we get in our home for cooking or the oxygen supplied to hospitals in cylinders is compressed gas. In the gaseous state, the particles move about randomly at high speed. Due to this random movement, the particles hit each other and also the walls of the container.
PROCESS OF CHANGE OF STATES OF MATTER:
• Vaporization
• Condensation
• Freezing
• Melting
• Sublimation • Evaporation
VAPORIZATION:(CHANGE OF LIQUID INTO GAS):
The process of change of water into vapor is called vaporization. When water is heated after reaching at 1000C water starts boiling. At this temperature water turns into vapour. Since, water boils at 1000C, hence 1000C is called the boiling point of water.
BOILING POINTS
The common definition of boiling point is, the temperature at which a liquid boils is called its boiling point. Different liquid boils at different temperatures.
CONDENSATION:(CHANGE OF GAS INTO LIQUID)-
The change of vapor into water because of decrease in temperature is called condensation. Condensation is the reverse process of vaporization. When the temperature of vapor decreases it changes into water, this process is known as condensation.
Distilled water is manufactured by the condensation of vapour. The process of making of distilled water is known as distillation. In distillation first water is boiled to vaporize and the vapor is cooled, i.e. condensed to get distilled water.
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Diversity in Living Organisms NCERT Solutions for Class 9
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LATENT HEAT
When water is heated up-to 1000C it starts boiling and changes into vapor. But we see that
even after continuous supply of heat temperature does not rise above the 100C while boiling of
water.
Temperature supplied after 100C to boiling water is used to change the water into vapor and
temperature of water does not rise.
On the other hand we see that when heat is supplied to ice, temperature does not rise above the
00C, until all ice melts. In this process also the heat supplied to ice after 00C is used to change
of ice into water and temperature of ice does not rise.
Heat is used in these processes without rise in temperature is known as Latent Heat. The
latent heat is used in change of states of matter, such as from solid to liquid or from liquid
to gas without rising in temperature.
Hence, Latent heat is the heat released or absorbed by a body during the process without
change in temperature of the system. This happens while change of state of matter meaning
a phase transition. Example - Melting of ice, boiling of water.
The particles of solid and liquid are bonded together with great force of attraction, because of
which a matter exists in a particular state. When we supply heat to a solid or liquid, the heat is
supplied without come in notice is used to break the force of attraction between particles and
this heat is not used to increase the kinetic energy of particles. Since, kinetic energy of particles
do not increase we do not see any rise in temperature of the system.
The word ‘latent’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Latere” which means “to lie hidden”. Joseph Black introduced the term Latent heat around 1762.
FREEZING:(CHANGE OF LIQUID INTO SOLID) -
The change of liquid into solid because of decrease in temperature is called freezing. Water
change into ice because of decrease in temperature, in other words water freezes into ice
because of decrease in temperature. Water freezes at 00C.
MELTING:(CHANGE OF SOLID INTO LIQUID)
The change of solid into liquid due to increase in temperature is known as melting. Ice, which is a solid melts, i.e. changes into water at 00C.
SUBLIMATION:
The process in which a solid changes into vapor without changing into liquid and from vapor
changes into solid without changing into liquid is known as sublimation.
Generally solid first changes into liquid and then changes into gas because of rise in
temperature. But there are many substances, which change into gas without changing into
liquid and changes into solid from gas without changing into liquid. Such substances, which go
under sublimation, are known as sublime.
For example – camphor, naphthalene balls, ammonium chloride, iodine, dry ice, etc.
The solid obtained after cooling of the gas of sublime is called Sublimate. The process of
cooling of vapor of sublime to get sublimate is also known as ‘sublimation’ although it is also
known as deposition.
When camphor is heated it changes into vapor without changing into liquid. When the vapor of
camphor is cooled it changes into solid without changing into liquid.
SUBLIMATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE:
The dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) turns into vapor without changing into liquid and is considered as sublime. Because of this property dry ice is used to give the illusion of smoke or cloud on the stage in movies and stage shows.
Naphthalene balls are kept with cloths and documents to protect them from insects. Since naphthalene balls go under sublimation, hence it changes into vapor without changing into liquid and its vapor prevent the insects to come or stay in cloths or documents. This protects the documents and cloths to get destroyed.
We usually see that the size of naphthalene balls decrease gradually and finally disappeared
when they are kept in open. This happens because of sublimation of naphthalene.
Naphthalene balls are used in toilets also as disinfectant and air freshener.
PROCESS OF EVAPORATION
Molecules at the surface of water, when exposed some temperature, their kinetic energy increases. Because of increase in kinetic energy those molecules become able to overcome the force of attraction between the particles of liquid. After getting required kinetic energy and decrease in force of attraction, they escape in the air in the form of vapor. Additionally those kinetic energy get some of the required kinetic energy from their neighboring molecules also because of which the temperature of the adjacent molecules decrease, which finally result in decrease of the temperature of surface of liquid.
SURFACE AREA
Evaporation increases with increase in surface area and decreases with decrease in surface
area.
Since evaporation takes place at the surface of liquid only, hence if the more surface of liquid
is exposed to atmosphere more particles will receive the required temperature to get the
required kinetic energy to escape in air. Therefore, evaporation takes place more rapidly with
larger surface area. This means rate of evaporation increases with increase in surface area and
decreases with decrease in surface area.
After rain roads are dried up quickly than pot holes. This happens because of increase in surface area of water. On roads water is spread over a large area, because of that large area of water exposed to atmosphere, and evaporation of water takes place quickly resulting in quickly drying of the roads. While in pot holes less water surface is exposed to air because of that less water area could come in contact with air and receives less temperature, resulting in delayed evaporation. That’s why water dried from road quickly than in pot holes.
Wet clothes are spread up over the laundry line to get them dried up quickly. More surface area of water exposes to the air because of spreading of clothes this speeds up the rate of evaporation and clothes are dried up quickly. On the other hand if wet clothes are left even in the sun without spreading, they take more time to get dried because of less surface area exposed to air. That’s why wet clothes are kept spread over laundry line to get dried up quickly.
Water kept in a plate evaporates quickly than water kept in a tumbler (glass). This happens because in plate more surface area of water exposed to atmosphere which receives more heat and evaporates quickly. While in a glass less surface area of water exposed to atmosphere because of that less molecules of water receives heat from the atmosphere and evaporates slowly compare to the water exposed with large surface area.
Hence, rate of evaporation increases with increase in surface area and decreases with decrease the surface area.
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HUMIDITY IN AIR AND EVAPORATION
Evaporation decreases with increase in humidity and increases with decrease in humidity
present in air. This means rate of evaporation is indirectly proportional to the humidity present
in air.
Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. In weather reports, which are published
in news paper or given on the TVs channels, the humidity percent is given, which shows the
percent of water vapour present in air.
Because of more water vapour present in air the water holding capacity of atmosphere decreases
which decrease the rate of evaporation. If air is dry then it can holds more water and thus in dry
air rate of evaporation increases.
This is the cause that our cloths get dried up quickly in summer and winter than in rainy
season. Because in rainy season there is more water vapour present in air, which decrease the
water holding capacity of atmosphere resulting in decrease the rate of evaporation and our
cloths do not dry up quickly in the rainy season.
Our sweat does not dry up quickly in rainy season. Because of that we feel uneasiness because of damp. This is because of higher percent of humidity present in air decreases the rate of evaporation in rainy season and our sweat does not evaporate quickly and we feel uneasy because of damp.
WIND SPEED AND EVAPORATION
Evaporation increases with the increase in wind speed and decreases with decrease in wind
speed. This means rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the speed of wind.
Speedy wind propelled away some of the particles of water with it which speeds up the rate of evaporation. That’s why speedy wind speeds up the rate of evaporation.
We see that wet cloth is dried up quickly in a windy day since the wind speeds up the rate of
evaporation.
The wet clothes are given jerks before hanging them on laundry line because by giving jerks
some of the water droplets propelled out. This reduces the presence of water in the wet cloths
and they dried up quickly.
EVAPORATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE:
(a) Water from the surface of oceans, seas and other large water bodies evaporate continuously as they are exposed to atmosphere. The water vapor because of evaporation rises up in air and cumulates in the form of cloud, which makes the rain. Hence, evaporation is one of the essential parts of water cycle. Thus we can say that evaporation is one of the most natural phenomena for us.
(b) In summer days sweats come out to regulate the temperature of our body. The sweat evaporates because of increase in surface area and getting the temperature from atmosphere. This is resulting in decrease in temperature of skin and finally our body, which gives relief to us in hot days. Sweating is a natural mechanism to keep cool the surface of our body in hot days. This is the cause that with increase in temperature our body sweats a lot especially in hot summer days.
(c) Water is kept in earthen pots to keep them cool. Earthen pot has lot of pores. Water kept in earthen pots evaporates from the pores of pots, which cools the neighboring molecules of water. This process continues and whole of the water kept in the earthen pots become cooler. Hence, water is kept in the earthen pot to keep them cool for drinking purpose.
(d) Wet clothes on the laundry lines are dried up because of evaporation.
(e) Sea water has lot of salt. Sea water is left in shallow pond. The water evaporates gradually
because of heat of sun leaving the salt in the shallow pond. These salts are collected and used
for with food after purification.
(f) Evaporative coolers are widely used in hot summer days. In evaporative coolers, dry air is blow over husk saturated of water. From the surface of husk water is evaporated resulted in cooling of husk. The water particles at the surface of wet husk evaporate and cool the rest portion of wet husk. Air blown from the cool husk is sent in the room, which cools the room.
CHAPTER – 2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
Matters can be classified into two types – Pure substances and Impure substances. Pure substances – Pure substances are of two types – Elements and Compounds. Impure substances – All mixture are considered as impure substances.
Colour, odour, density, melting point and boiling point are often treated as physical properties
of matter. The physical properties of a substance can be observed or measured without
changing its composition.
The term “impure” is different from adulteration. According to scientists, the term “pure”
means single form of matter.
Most of the substances in our surroundings are not in their pure form and are called mixture. Substances which are made of two or more matters and which can be separated by physical methods are known as mixtures, such as mixture of salt and water, mixture of sugar and water, mixture of different gases, air, etc.
In a mixture, components do not combine chemically or through any chemical change. In a mixture, components do not lose their properties. Mixtures are of two types on the basis of their composition - Homogeneous mixture and Heterogeneous mixture.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
Mixtures which have uniform composition throughout are called Homogeneous Mixture. For
example – mixture of salt and water, mixture of sugar and water, air, lemonade, soda water,
etc.
Mixture of salt in water is an example of homogeneous mixture. In this mixture, the boundary of salt and water cannot be differentiated. When a ray of light is passed through the mixture of salt and water, the path of light is not seen.
General Properties of Homogeneous Mixture:
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All solutions are the examples of homogeneous mixture.
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The particles of a homogeneous mixture are less the one nanometer.
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A homogenous mixture does not show Tyndall effect.
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The boundaries of particles cannot be differentiated.
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The constituent particles of homogenous mixture cannot be separated using
centrifugation or decantation.
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Alloys are the examples of solution.
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
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Mixtures which do not have uniform composition throughout are called Heterogeneous Mixture. For example – mixture of soil and sand, mixture of sulphur and iron fillings, mixture of oil and water etc. The boundaries of constituent particles of a homogeneous mixture can be identified easily; as a homogeneous mixture has two or more distinct phases.
General Properties of Heterogeneous Mixture:
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Most of the mixtures are heterogeneous except solutions and alloys.
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The constituent particles are present uniformly in a heterogeneous mixture.
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The components of a heterogeneous mixture can be identified easily.
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Generally, two or more phases are present in a heterogeneous mixture.
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Particles of a heterogeneous mixture are sized between one nanometer and one
micrometer or more.
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Heterogeneous mixtures show Tyndall effect.
TYPES OF MIXTURE
Mixture can be categorised in three types on the basis of their particles’ size. These are; solution, suspension and colloid.
SOLUTION
Mixture of two or more substances with one phase only, i.e. having no distinct boundary of constituent particles are called solution. For example, solution of sugar and water, solution of salt and water, lemonade, soft drinks, etc. Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
In a solution, components are mixed in such a way that they appear as only one phase. Seeing by naked eye, constituent particles of a solution cannot be identified because particles are mixed evenly throughout.
In a solution, there are two types of components – one is called solute and other is called solvent.Solute – Substance which is present in smaller quantity in a mixture is called solute.
Solvent – Substance in a mixture which is present in larger quantity in a mixture is called solvent.
Example: In the solution of salt and water, salt is present in small quantity while water is present in larger quantity. Here salt is solute and water is solvent. -
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Air is mixture of many gases. Since air consists of only one phase, thus it is considered as solution. Air consists about 78% of nitrogen and 22% rest of other gases. Thus in the case of air, nitrogen can be called as solvent and rest other gases as solutes.
Solvent and solute can be solid, liquid or gas.TYPES OF SOLUTION
Solid - solid solution – Solution of two or more solids are generally known as solid-solid solution. For example – alloys. Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals and non metals or two metals or two non-metals. The components of an alloy cannot be separated by physical methods, their boundaries are not distinct and they can have variable compositions, thus alloy is considered as solution.
Solid – Liquid solution – Solution of solid and liquid is called solid-liquid solution. For example - solution of salt and water.
Liquid – liquid solution – Solution of two miscible liquids are called liquid-liquid solution, such as solution of water and acetic acid. The solution of acetic acid in water is known as vinegar.
Gas - liquid solution – Solution of gas into liquid is called gas-liquid solution. For example – Soft drink. In soft drink, carbon dioxide is usually dissolved in liquid, because of which a hiss sound comes while opening the cap of the bottle.
Gas-gas solution – Solution of two or more gas is called gas-gas solution. For example – air, which is the solution of many gases, such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.
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General Characteristics of Solution:
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Solutions are homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
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Constituent particles of a solution are mixed evenly throughout.
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There is only one phase in a solution.
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Boundaries of constituent particles cannot be distinguished.
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The size of particles of solution is smaller than one nanometer.
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Solutions do not show Tyndall effect, because, small particles of solution do not scatter
the ray of light.
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Solute cannot be separated by using filtration or decantation.
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Solutions are stable, since when left undisturbed the particles do not settle in bottom.
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General Characteristics of Solution:
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Solutions are homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
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Constituent particles of a solution are mixed evenly throughout.
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There is only one phase in a solution.
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Boundaries of constituent particles cannot be distinguished.
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The size of particles of solution is smaller than one nanometer.
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Solutions do not show Tyndall effect, because, small particles of solution do not scatter
the ray of light.
Solute cannot be separated by using filtration or decantation.
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Solutions are stable, since when left undisturbed the particles do not settle in bottom.
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SUBLIMATION
There are many substances which are converted into gas from solid when heated, and converted from gas to solid when cooled without converting into liquid. Such substances are known as sublime. For example – ammonium chloride, naphthalene balls, camphor, etc. Therefore, mixture of one sublime and other substance can be separated using the method of sublimation.
The mixture of ammonium chloride and common salt can be separated out using the process of sublimation. For this, the mixture is heated in a China dish. The China dish is covered by an inverted funnel. Cotton is used for plugging the opening of the funnel. After heating, ammonium chloride is converted into vapour and gets deposited over the inner surface of funnel; due to cooling. This leaves the common salt in China dish. Ammonium chloride can be taken out by scratching from the inner wall of funnel.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Chromatography is a method of separation which works on the principle of travel speed of components of a mixture. This method is used for separating dyes and pigments from a mixture. Ink is the mixture of dyes of different colours.
There are many types of chromatography. The dyes from an ink can be separated using paper chromatography.For this, a strip of filter paper is dipped in the ink. Particles of dye start rising on filter paper; along with water. Different dyes rise with different speed because of different types of solubility in water and go up to certain heights.
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