Saturday, July 30, 2022

Class 10 Social Science - Sample Papers, Important Questions, Notes

CHAPTER : Nationalism in India

In India, the growth of modern nationalism is connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to unite each class and group together within one movement.
The First World War, Khilafat and
Non-Cooperation Movement
The First World War (1914) created a new economic and political situation worldwide. India faced various problem during the war period. For example

1) Defence expenditure increased.
2) Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced. q Prices of food grains were increased and doubled between 1913 and 1918.
3) Villagers were recruited forcefully in army.

After the war in 1918-19 and 1920-21, Indian industries faced heavy loses, people suffered from acute shortage of food, influenza epidemic, etc. In such a critical situation, a new leader Mahatma Gandhi came to India from South Africa in January, 1915.


The Idea of Satyagraha
Gandhiji’s method of movement and protest based on truth and non-violence was known as Satyagraha. The idea of Satyagraha emphasised on the power of truth. As per Gandhiji without being aggressive a Satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence.
In 1917, Gandhiji travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against oppressive plantation system. In the same year Gandhiji also organised a Satyagraha to support the peasants in Kheda district of Gujarat who were suffering from shortage of food due to crop failure and a plague epidemic.
In 1918, Gandhiji went to Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.
The Rowlatt Act
The Rowlatt Act was passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919 but Indian members opposed the Act. According to this act, the political prisoners could be detained in prison for two years without any trial. Gandhiji decided to oppose this Act with Satyagraha.
On 6th April, 1919 Gandhiji launched a nation wide Satyagraha with a hartal. Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshop and shops were closed down. Several local leaders were arrested. Gandhiji was barred (restricted) from entering Delhi.
On 10th April, 1919 the police in Amritsar opened fired on peaceful procession. Martial Law1 was imposed in Amritsar and the command of the area was given to General Dyer.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
On 13th April, 1919, a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab. Some people gathered there to protest against government’s repressive measures, while some came to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Many of them unaware of the martial law that was imposed.

General Dyer blocked the exit points of the ground and gave order to open fire on the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed in this incident. As the news spread, strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings started.

The government responded with force to end the movement by humiliating people. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs. Rabindranath Tagore returned his title, Knighthood during this incident. Mahatma Gandhi called off the Satyagraha Movement when he saw spread of violence.

Khilafat Movement
The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Empire. After the First World War, rumours were spread that a peace treaty was going to be imposed on Khalifa (spiritual head of the Islamic world) of Ottoman Empire. Gandhiji believed that by this Khilafat issue he could unite the Hindus and Muslims and launch a wide movement in India.
A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay under the leadership of Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani. Muslim leaders, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began discussing with Gandhiji about a united mass action on the Khilafat issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity of uniting Hindus and Muslims.
The Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta Session in September 1920 to start a Non-Cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.

Objective Questions

1. Who was responsible for the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incidence on 13th April, 1919 at Amritsar? (a) Warren Hastings (b) General Dyer (c) Lord Cornwallis (d) William Bentick

2. To launch broad based movement in India, who felt the need to bring Hindus and Muslims close together?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (c) Mahatma Gandhi (d) Lala Lajpat Rai

3. The nation is most often symbolised in which of the forms?
(a) History and fiction (b) Figures or images (c) Popular prints (d) Folklore or songs

Short Answer Type Questions

6. When and where did Mahatma Gandhi successfully organise Satyagraha Movements just after arriving in India?
7. Suggest at least three differences between the Civil Disobedience and the Non-Cooperation Movement.
8. Explain some economic effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
9. Explain the effects of ‘World Wide Economic Depression’ on India towards late 1920s.
10. Describe various problems in unifying people in India by the end of the 19th century.
Long Answer Type Questions

11. Explain the reaction of the business class towards the Civil Disobedience Movement.
12. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country? Explain with
examples.
13. “Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement.” Examine the statement.

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MCQ Question Answers Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries


MCQ Question Answers Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources


MCQ Question Answers Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture


MCQ Question Answers Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources


MCQ Question Answers Class 10 Geography Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources


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MCQ Question Answers Class 10 History Chapter 8 Novels, Society and History


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MCQ Question Answers Class 10 History Chapter 5 Print Culture And Modern World


MCQ Question Answers Class 10 History Chapter 4 Age of Industrialisation


MCQ Question Answers Class 10 History Chapter 3 Making Global World


MCQ Question Answers Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism In India


MCQ Question Answers Class 10 History Chapter 1 Rise Of Nationalism In Europe

CHAPTER :The Making of a Global World

Globalisation is an economic system, which is hardly 50 years old but the making of the global world has a long history. To understand phenomena of Globalisation, it is required to understand the history of trade, migration, people’s search for work, the movement of capital, etc.

The Pre-Modern World
Human societies have steadily become more interlinked. From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for various reasons, like
1) to gain knowledge
2) for more opportunities
3) for religious or spiritual fulfilment
4) to escape from ill-treatment
They carry with themselves goods, money, ideas, skills, values, inventions and even germs and diseases. By the 13th century, a strong link was established between the countries.
An active coastal trade linked the Indus Valley Civilizations with West Asia in the early 3000 BC. For more than a millennia, Cowries (sea shells) used as a form of currency from the Maldives to China and East Africa.

Silk Routes Link the World

Silk routes1 were existed since before the Christian era and flourished till the 15th century. The silk routes are good examples of pre-modern trade and cultural links between the distant parts of the world, i.e. linking Asia with Europe and North Africa. Along the silk routes, the silk cargoes from China, Indian spices and textiles, gold and silver from Europe were carried to different parts of the world.
The Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries and later on, Muslim preachers travelled along these routes. These routes proved to be a great source of trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.

Food Travels : New Crops Introduced
Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the land they visited. Foods like potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes were introduced in Europe and Asia after America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.
Noodles travelled West from China and became spaghetti. Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer after the introduction of potatoes. Arab traders took pasta to Sicily, an island in Italy.

Ireland’s poor peasants depended upon the potatoes and when the Irish potato famine occurred around 1 million people died of starvation in Ireland and many had migrated in search of work.
Conquest, Disease and Trade
The pre-modern world shrank after European sailors found a sea route to Asia and America in the 16th century. TheIndian subcontinent was central to the trade, but the entry of Europeans helped to expand this trade towards Europe.
Precious metal, silver, found in the mines of Peru and Mexico enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia. Many expeditions were taken in search of El Dorado, the fabled city of gold in South America.
The Spanish and Portuguese were the first Europeans to conquer America in mid-16th century. The conquest of America was possible through the deadly disease smallpox that the Spanish conquerors carried on their person.
America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against this disease. As a result, thousands of European moved to America and slaves captured in Africa worked in plantation2 of cotton and sugar for European market.
India and China until 18th century were among the world’s richest countries and the main centres of world trade. However, with Indian’s colonisation and China’s restriction of overseas contacts, Europe emerged as the centre of world trade.

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The 19th Century 

In the 19th century, economic, political, social, cultural and technological factors interacted in complex ways. It changed the society and reshaped its external relations immensely. Economists identify three types of movement or flows within international economic exchanges

(i) The flow of trade in goods (especially cloth and wheat).

(ii) The flow of labour due to migration of people in search of employment.

(iii) The movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.

All these flows affected people’s lives significantly.

Role of Technology in 19th Century World

Technology or new inventions like railways, steamships and the telegraph had a great impact on the transformation of 19th century world.

Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped to move food more cheaply and quickly from far away farms in America, Australia or New Zealand to final markets of Europe.

Role of Technology in Meat Transportation

Till the 1870s animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there. Live animals took up a lot of space in ship and many animals also died in voyage, fell ill and became unfit to eat.

The development of refrigerated ships greatly helped to transport the perishable food items over long distances. Frozen meat was exported from America, Australia, New Zealand to different European countries.

The role of technology in meat transportation decreased the price of meat in European market and the cost of shipping. Meat (sometimes butter and egg) became a daily diet for the poor. This better living conditions created social peace within the country and support for imperialism in the colonies.

Colonialism in the Late 19th Century

Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late

19th century. The European conquest in 19th century led many painful economic, social and ecological changes in the colonised countries. In many parts of the world, expansion of trade led to loss of freedoms and livelihood. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium and later USA became colonial powers.

Rinderpest or the Cattle Plague

In Africa, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest destroyed a large number of cattle in the 1890s. The disease spread like ‘forest fire’ in the whole of Africa and killed 90 per cent of the cattle.

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The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes Class 10 History Ch 1


Notes of Mineral and Energy Resources Class 10 Geography Ch 5


Notes of Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Geography Ch 6


Federalism CBSE Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 2


Notes of Age of Industrialisation Class 10 History Ch 4


Power Sharing Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 1


Political Parties CBSE Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 6

Objective Questions

1. Which of our common foods were not known to our ancestors until about 5 centuries ago? 
(a) Sweet potatoes (b) Groundnut and maize (c) Soya, chillies and tomatoes (d) All of these
2. Where animals are not slaughtered for food at the starting point?
(a) America (b) Australia (c) New Zealand (d) Europe
3. Which of the following statements is associated with IMF ? 
(a) The Bretton Woods Conference established the IMF.
(b) The conference was held in May 1945.
(c) The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operation in 1948. 
(d) The conference was held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, UK.
4. Find the incorrect statement.
(a) The Great Depression began around 1939 and lasted till the mid 1980s.
(b) The system of indentured labour was abolished in 1921. 
(c) Rinderpest arrived in Africa in late 1880s.
(d) The First World War fought in 1914-18.

Short Answer Type Questions

6. What was the impact of technology on food availability?
7. The G-77 group of nations demand a New International Economic Order. Why?
8. What is rinderpest? Who brought it to Africa? How did rinderpest help the Europeans to conquer Africa?
9. ‘The global transfer of diseases became instrumental in colonisation of Africa and South America’. Explain the statement.
10. ‘The First World War was a modern industrial War’. Explain.

Long Answer Type Questions

11. Analyse the effects of the First World War on the world economy.
12. Give three examples to show that the world changed with the discovery of new sea routes of America.

CHAPTER :The Age of Industrialisation

The industrialisation is considered to be the backbone of economic development. Modernisation began with the age of industrialisation in Europe. The industrialisation is often associated with the growth of factory industry.
Before the Industrial Revolution
History of industrialisation started with the establishment of first factories. But there is a problem with such idea. There was large-scale industrial production even before factories began in England and this production was not dependent on factories. This phase of industrialisation is known as proto-industrialisation1.
Expansion of World Trade
In the towns, urban crafts and trade guilds2 were very powerful. Different guilds were granted the rights of production and trade for a specific products by the rulers.
These guilds controlled the production and restricted the entry of new merchants in the trade. The new merchants thus moved to countryside for expanding production and persuaded them to produce for international market. With the expansion of world trade and the aquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. World trade expanded at a very fast rate during the 17th and 18th century. In the countryside, the income of poor peasants and artisans was not sufficient, so they began working for the merchants.

The Coming Up of the Factory
The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. However, the number of factories multiplied in the late 18th century. Cotton textile was the main industry at that time.
A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy5 of each step of the production process which included carding6, twisting, spinning and rolling. Richard Arkwright is credited to create the cotton mill. Within the mill, all the processes were carried out at one place. In the 19th century, factory system increased largely in England.
The Pace of Industrial change
Cotton and metal became the most dynamic industries in Britain. Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation upto the 1840s followed by iron and steel industry.
The new machinery and industries could not easily displace traditional industries. At the end of 19th century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.
Textile was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was not produced within factories. Most of the textiles were primarily produced within domestic units. Ordinary and small innovations were seen in non-mechanised sectors like food processing, building, furniture making, production of implements, pottery, glasswork and tanning.
The technological changes occurred slowly. They did not spread largely across the country. Merchants and industrialists were cautions about using new expensive technology. James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781.
Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model of steam engine. But it was not easily accepted by the industrialists. At the beginning of the 19th century, there were only 321 steam engines all over the England.

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The Age of Indian Textiles
Silk and cotton products of India dominated the international market before the age of machine industries. Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, Eastern Persia and Central Asia.
Surat, Masulipatnam and Hooghly were the most important ports, which were used for trade. Many Indian merchants and bankers were involved in financing production, carrying goods and supplying to exporters.
By the 1750s, with the arrival of the European companies, the Indians started losing their control over the trade. The European companies were gaining power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts. Some of the companies got monopoly rights to trade. All this resulted in a decline of the old ports like Surat and Hooghly, and emergence of new ports like Bombay and Calcutta. This change was an indication of the growth of new colonial power.
Situation of Weavers
In 1760s, the Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe. So, the East India Company was keen on expanding textile exports from India.
In 1760s and 1770s, the East India Company faced problems in getting a regular supply of goods for export. This is because it faced competition from the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. After the Company established its political power it developed a system of management and control. By this system, it started to eliminate its competitors and tried to assert a monopoly over right to trade.
The company adopted a system of loans to the weavers to prevent them dealing with other buyers. In many places of Bengal and Carnatic, weavers left villages and migrated to different villages. Sometimes, they even revolted against the Company and refused to take loans.
Gomasthas
The East India Company started appointing gomasthas i.e. paid servant to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of the cloth. The new gomasthas, having no social links with the villages, acted arrogantly and punished the weavers for delay in supplies. They marched into villages with sepoys10 and peons and often punished the weavers by beating with stick.
Objective Questions
1. Who set up six joint-stock companies in Bengal in the 1830s and 1840s? 
(a) Dwarkanath Tagore (b) JN Tata (c) Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy (d) R D Tata
2. In the year 1931, which of the following locations has highest concentration of large scale industries in India?
(a) Madras (b) Punjab (c) Bombay (d) Bengal
3. Which image of God was most commonly used to popularise baby products? 
(a) Ram (b) Shiva (c) Krishna (d) Hanuman
4. Find the incorrect option.
(a) During the World War I, local industries captured the home market.
(b) The first cotton mill was set up in 1854 in Bombay.
(c) First Jute mill was set up in 1856 in, Surat.
(d) Iron and Steel works were set up in Jamshedpur in 1912.
Short Answer Type Questions
6. What was trade guild? Explain.
7. The First World War created dramatically a new situation for Indian industries. Analyse how this happened by giving three situations.
8. Why did the poor peasants and artisans in the countryside begin to work for the merchants from the towns?
9. ‘‘Series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India by the early twentieth century.’’ Analyse the statement.
10. Explain any three effects of population growth in England in late eighteenth century.
Long Answer Type Questions
11. Explain giving four reasons why the industrialists of Europe preferred hand labour over machines during the 19th century.
12. The Indian cotton export market collapsed and the local market shrank in the beginning of the 19th century. Why?

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CHAPTER : Minerals and Energy Resources 

What is a Mineral?
A homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure is called mineral. Rocks are the combinations of minerals. Some rocks consist of single mineral, but most of them consist of several minerals in different quantity.
The formation of minerals depend upon physical and chemical conditions that in turn, results in a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density of a particular mineral. Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.
For better understanding of Earth’s landforms, Geographers study minerals as part of the earth’s crust. Geologists study the formation, age and composition (Physical and Chemical) of minerals.
Materials of daily use are made of minerals like toothpaste contain silica, limestone, phosphate, etc. Minerals are needed by our body too and are also the basis of all economic activities. They are also studied to know the formation, age and composition of the earth. Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
Minerals are usually found in ores. An ore is a naturally occurring material having one or more minerals in sufficient concentration so that their extraction is done successfully.
Mineral generally occur in the following forms
1) Veins and Lodes In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals occur in cracks, crevices, faults or joints. Smaller occurrences are called veins and larger are called lodes. These veins and lodes are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify when they reach the earth’s surface and fill in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. Metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead are obtained from it.
2) Beds or Layers In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in the form of beds or layers due to deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal layers of the rock. Coal, some forms of iron ore, gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt are also found in these beds or layers. These minerals (except coal and iron ore) are formed due to evaporation, especially, in arid regions.
3) Decomposition of Surface Rocks When decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents takes place, it leaves a residual mass of weathered material containing mineral ores. Bauxite is formed by the decomposition of surface rocks.
Distribution of Minerals in India
In India, there are found large variations in occurrence of minerals. It is because of the differences in the geological structure, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.
The distribution of minerals in India is
1) Peninsular Plateau Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica, non-ferrous mineral and non-metallic minerals.
2) Gujarat and Assam Sedimentary rocks on the Western and Eastern flanks of the Peninsula which are found in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.
3) Rajasthan Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula has many reserves of non-ferrous minerals2.
4) Northern Plains There is very little or no minerals of economic value in vast alluvial plains of the North India.
Classification of Minerals
Minerals are mainly classified as metallic, non-metallic and energy minerals.
Metallic Minerals
Minerals containing metals are called metallic minerals, like gold, silver, tungsten, etc. They are of two types
(i) Ferrous Minerals
Metallic minerals having iron content are called ferrous minerals.
1) Alluvial Deposits Some minerals are found in sands of valley floors and at the base of hills. These are known as placer deposits1. They are not corroded by water, e.g. gold, silver, platinum and tin.
2) Ocean Waters These contain many minerals. Common salt, magnesium and bromine are derived from ocean waters, whereas manganese nodules occur in ocean beds.
These minerals account for about three-fourth of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. India exports a fairly large amount of ferrous minerals. These minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.
The distribution of major ferrous mineral, iron ore and manganese is
Iron Ore
It is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India has abundant resources of good quality iron ore. The finest iron ore is magnetite. It has a very high iron content upto 70%. Magnetite has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry.
Haematite ore has an iron content upto 50-60%. It is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used.

Iron Ore Belts in India
The major iron ore belts in India are
1) Odisha-Jharkhand Belt In Odisha, high grade haematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts.
2) In the adjoining Singbhum district of Jharkhand haematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi.
3)  Odisha has the largest share in iron ore production in India i.e. 52% in 2016-17.
4)  Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt It lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade haematites are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.
5) The range of hills comprises of 14 deposits of super high grade haematite iron ore. It has the best physical properties needed for making steel. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.
6) Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru Belt This belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines are located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka. They are a 100% export unit and are known to be one of the largest in the world.
7) The ore from this belt is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangaluru.
8) Maharashtra-Goa Belt It includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Though, the ores are not of very high quality, yet they can be efficiently used. From this belt, iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.

Objective Questions
1. Which of the following minerals is non-ferrous mineral? 
(a) Copper (b) Iron ore (c) Nickel (d) Cobalt
2. Which of the following mineral is obtained from veins and loads of igneous and metamorphic rocks? 
(a) Tin (b) Lead (c) Zinc (d) All of these
3. Which mineral is used in smaller quantities in the manufacturing of steel? 
(a) Zinc ore (b) Iron ore (c) Manganese (d) Tin
4. Which of the following minerals is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years? 
(a) Coal (b) Lead (c) Graphite (d) Marble
5. Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kuchchh are located in which state of India? 
(a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Kerala (c) Karnataka (d) Gujarat
Short Answer Type Questions
6. Which are the types of coal formations based on their geological ages?Where are they found in India?
7. Why should we conserve minerals and energy resources?
8. What is the relevance of non-conventional sources of energy in a country like India? Why do you think so? 9. Why is conservation of resources important? Discuss values associated with it.
Long Answer Type Questions
10. Why is coal called the most important source of energy even today in India? Explain with reasons. 
11. Explain the development of non-conventional sources of energy in India.
12. Examine Tidal energy and Geothermal energy as sources of energy for the future.

CHAPTER :Manufacturing Industries

Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. Manufacturing industries are known as secondary activities, as these industries manufacture primary material (like cotton fibre) into finished goods (like textiles)
Importance of Manufacturing
Manufacturing sector is very important and is considered as the backbone of economic development because
1) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which form the backbone of our economy. 
2) Manufacturing also reduces the heavy dependence of
people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
3)  Industrial development helps in removal of unemployment and poverty as it creates jobs and more income. It also aims at bringing down regional differences by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
4) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings foreign exchange.
Agriculture and Industries
Agriculture and industries depend upon each other. On one hand many industries like sugar, textile, etc depend on agricultural products like, cotton is the raw material in cotton textile mills. On the other hand, many industrial products like fertilisers, irrigation pumps, PVC pipes, tractors, machines and tools help in increasing agricultural productivity.
Contribution of Industry to National Economy
During the last 20 years, the share of the manufacturing sector has stayed at 17 % of GDP. This is much lower than some East Asian economies, where it is 25 to 35 %. The desired growth rate is expected to be 12% in the next decade which has been 7% in the last decade.
To develop the sector of manufacturing industries, government has set-up the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC)1. The objective is to bring appropriate policy to improve productivity to achieve desired growth rate.
Industrial Location
The location of an industry is influenced by Government policies, availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market facilities. 
The features that influence the ideal location of an industry are q Decision to locate factory at site.
1. Cost of obtaining raw materials at site.
2. Cost of Production at site.
3. Cost of distribution of production.
Industry-Market Linkage
Industry and market are closely linked with each other. A
number of factors/ components which link these, are
1. Money is needed to buy inputs for production. After selling the finished products in the market manufacturers/ industrialists also gain profit in the form of money.
2. Inputs (like raw materials/component parts) are needed to produce goods in industries.
3. Land, labour, capital, entrepreneur and infrastructure are the factory of production.
4. A good network of transport is needed to supply raw materials from source region to factories and finished products to markets.
5. Factories are setup to produce different products outputs. q After manufacturing the finished goods a well developed market is needed to sell these goods.
Industrialisation and Urbanisation
Industrialisation and urbanisation depend upon each other. Industries are located around the cities where there are market of industrial goods and services like banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial services are available.
During pre-independence era manufacturing units were located near the sea ports for overseas trade such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai. Many industries tends to come together to make use of advantages offered by urban centres known as Agglomeration Economies

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Objective Questions

1. Which of the following is jointly owned by public and private sectors? 

(a) Bajaj Auto Ltd (b) TISCO (c) BHEL (d) Oil India Ltd

2. Which type of pollution occurs when hot water from factories is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling?

(a) Thermal pollution (b) Water pollution (c) Air pollution (d) Noise pollution

3. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid relates to

(a) waste management (b) work done by NTPC (c) providing employment (d) All of these

4. In which of the following states is Kalpakkam nuclear power plant located? 

(a) Gujarat (b) Odisha (c) Kerala (d) Tamil Nadu

5. Which of the following is not correct ?

(a) Agriculture and industries are dependent on each other.

(b) India is largest producer of raw jute and jute goods

(c) Sugar and textile industry are examples of mineral industry. 

(d) Chemical industry has two sectors i.e. organic and inorganic.

Short Answer Type Questions

6. How do industries pollute air and water?

7. Write a short note on sugar industry.

8. Explain three facts about information technology and electronics industry. 

9. Compare the different patterns of development of jute and cotton industry.

10. Classify industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they different from each other? 

11. Describe the role of industries in the development of agriculture.

Long Answer Type Questions

12. Why are jute mills concentrated along the Hugli river?

13. Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities? 14. Explain any four problems faced by cotton textiles industries in India.

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